Regional distribution of wheat yield and chemical fertilizer requirements in China

Quantification of currently attainable yield and fertilizer requirements can provide detailed information for assessing the food supply capacity and offer data support for agricultural decision-making. Datasets from a total of 5 408 field experiments were collected from 2000 to 2015 across the major wheat production regions in China to analyze the spatial distribution of wheat yield, the soil nutrient supply capacity(represented by relative yield, defined as the ratio of the yield under the omission of one of nitrogen(N), phosphorus(P) and potassium(K) to the yield under the full NPK fertilizer application), and N, P and K fertilizer requirements by combining the kriging interpolation method with the Nutrient Expert Decision Support System for Wheat. The results indicated that the average attainable yield was 6.4 t ha~(-1), with a coefficient of variation(CV) of 24.9% across all sites. The yields in North-central China(NCC) and the northern part of the Middle and Lower reaches of the Yangtze River(MLYR) were generally higher than 7 t ha~(-1), whereas the yields in Southwest China(SWC), Northeast China(NEC), and the eastern part of Northwest China(NWC) were usually less than 6 t ha~(-1). The precentage of area having a relative yield above 0.70, 0.85, and 0.85 for N, P, and K fertilizers accounted for 52.3, 74.7, and 95.9%, respectively. Variation existed in N, P, and K fertilizer requirements, with a CV of 24.8, 23.9, and 29.9%, respectively, across all sites. More fertilizer was needed in NCC and the northern part of the MLYR than in other regions. The average fertilizer requirement was 162, 72, and 57 kg ha~(-1) for N, P_2O_5, and K_2O fertilizers, respectively, across all sites. The incorporation of the spatial variation of attainable yield and fertilizer requirements into wheat production practices would benefit sustainable wheat production and environmental safety.     

The priority of management factors for reducing the yield gap of summer maize in the north of Huang-Huai-Hai region,China

Understanding yield potential, yield gap and the priority of management factors for reducing the yield gap in current intensive maize production is essential for meeting future food demand with the limited resources. In this study, we conducted field experiments using different planting modes, which were basic productivity(CK), farmer practice(FP), high yield and high efficiency(HH), and super high yield(SH), to estimate the yield gap. Different factorial experiments(fertilizer, planting density, hybrids, and irrigation) were also conducted to evaluate the priority of individual management factors for reducing the yield gap between the different planting modes. We found significant differences between the maize yields of different planting modes. The treatments of CK, FP, HH, and SH achieved 54.26, 58.76, 65.77, and 71.99% of the yield potential, respectively. The yield gaps between three pairs: CK and FP, FP and HH, and HH and SH, were 0.76, 1.23 and 0.85 t ha~(–1), respectively. By further analyzing the priority of management factors for reducing the yield gap between FP and HH, as well as HH and SH, we found that the priorities of the management factors(contribution rates) were plant density(13.29%)fertilizer(11.95%)hybrids(8.19%)irrigation(4%) for FP to HH, and hybrids(8.94%)plant density(4.84%)fertilizer(1.91%) for HH to SH. Therefore, increasing the planting density of FP was the key factor for decreasing the yield gap between FP and HH, while choosing hybrids with density and lodging tolerance was the key factor for decreasing the yield gap between HH and SH.     

Soil physical changes and maize growth in a structurally fragile tropical soil due to mulching and duration between irrigation intervals

Under tropical meteorological conditions, the volume of soil explored by plant roots is crucial for crop growth as it allows increased water and nutrient use efficiency. We hypothesized that, under different irrigation intervals, leguminous mulch can extend the duration between irrigation events but maintain crop performance, because decreased evaporative fluxes also reduce constraints to root exploration imposed by mechanical stress. We evaluated the combined effects of leguminous mulch and irrigation intervals on soil physical properties to determine whether the growth and productivity of maize were modified in a structurally fragile tropical soil. The experiment involved the following treatments: 4‐day irrigation intervals with soil mulched (4C) or bare (4S), 6‐day irrigation intervals with soil mulched (6C) or bare (6S), 8‐day irrigation intervals with soil mulched (8C) or bare (8S) and 10‐day irrigation intervals with soil mulched (10C) or bare (10S). Mulch decreased soil penetration resistance and increased to 4 days the favourable time for root development in drying soil. Relative to bare soil, mulch with a 6‐day irrigation interval almost doubled nitrogen uptake post‐tasselling, which decreased nitrogen remobilization and increased the crop growth rate during this stage. These conditions had a positive effect on the transpiration rate and stomatal conductance as well as on the growth and yield of maize. A 6‐day irrigation interval with mulch compared to 4 days with bare soil resulted in similar conditions for root development, but greater uptake of nitrogen (102.73–78.70 kg/ha) and better yield (6.2–5.3 t/ha), which means greater efficiency in nitrogen and water use.     

高温闷棚技术在大棚辣椒连作生产上的应用

为研究大棚辣椒土传病害绿色防控技术,选择不同的高温闷棚杀菌方法,以本地传统的高温炕地杀菌方法为对照,调查不同处理对地温和土壤pH值的影响,调查不同处理大棚辣椒的根结线虫、疫病、枯萎病、青枯病和根腐病的发生为害情况,测量大棚辣椒产量。结果表明,应用石灰氮、覆盖地膜和大棚膜进行高温闷棚对大棚辣椒土传病害有较好的防治效果。     

我国蔬菜肥料利用率现状与提高对策

我国露地蔬菜种植和设施蔬菜种植养分用量均超过蔬菜生长所需,导致土壤次生盐渍化、肥料利用率低,增加了面源污染风险,在分析这些现状的基础上,对造成蔬菜种植中氮、磷、钾肥料利用率低下的原因进行了分析,如有机肥与化肥施用配比随意性强,搭配不合理;氮、磷、钾肥配施比例不合理;大量元素与中微量元素配合施用不合理;肥料总施用量过大;土壤自身的原因等。并提出了提高肥料利用率的测土与科学配方施肥、有机肥与无机肥合理配合施用、采用水肥一体化技术和土壤调理剂等措施,有望提高我国蔬菜肥料利用率,节约资源,防止面源污染,实现蔬菜生产的可持续绿色发展。     

蔬菜高效水肥一体化灌溉技术的实践与发展建议

水肥管理是直接影响蔬菜稳产高产和品质提升的关键因素。总结了我国蔬菜高效灌溉的4种主要模式,介绍了不同种类蔬菜的高效灌溉模式,分析了我国蔬菜高效水肥一体化灌溉技术存在的问题,并提出了发展建议。     

江汉平原棉花合理施氮量研究

采用田间小区试验研究了江汉平原棉花合理施氮量。结果表明,在施用90 kg/hm~2 P2O5、180 kg/hm~2K2O和3 kg/hm~2持力硼基础上,利用线性+平台模型得到棉花中高产量水平下的合理施氮量为280 kg/hm~2。在不明显减产的条件下,从提高氮肥当季利用率、尽量降低氮肥投入的角度,可以将氮肥用量降低到240kg/hm~2左右,在此施氮水平下仍然可能通过改进田间管理措施获得高产。因此,江汉平原棉花氮肥减量空间为20~60 kg/hm~2。     

甜菜氮肥的合理施用

综述文献关于氮肥对甜菜的生长、吸收分配规律、生理生化及产质量的影响可知,甜菜生长需要多种营养元素,其中氮素尤为重要,不合理施用氮肥对甜菜的产质量带来很多负面影响;造成资源浪费、环境污染,影响人类健康。提出合理施氮、用氮的途径与策略:第一,因地、因品种、因时制宜,根据测土资料及不同甜菜基因型差异确定施肥种类、配比;根据作物不同生长时期的需肥规律及不同生态条件需要,按需供肥。第二,肥要在水的作用下才能发挥作用、才能更好发挥作用,区域配肥技术与灌溉技术相结合的水肥一体化精准精细灌水施肥技术是甜菜生产高效用肥的必然发展趋势。第三,作物不同养分间具有协同和相互影响作用,因此根据同等重要原则应有机配比。第四,为了提高肥效及利用率,施用缓控释肥,有机无机肥配施,施用微生物肥、生态肥等发挥微生物的促进、协同作用。第五,常规育种与转基因技术结合培育氮素养分高效利用品种。第六,利用现代监测技术手段及应用甜菜生长模型尤其是CERES-Beet模型监测氮等养分的转化、吸收等动态。     

自动施肥系统开发与性能测试

目的 开发一种适应于以固态水溶肥为原料的自动施肥系统,测试分析自动施肥系统性能。方法 主控机采用ARM9电路控制模块可实现对轮灌编组、预搅拌时长、施肥开始与结束时间、施肥持续时长、施肥量等参数的设置;选择以蠕动泵为注肥装置,通过变频器控制注肥泵电机功率的方式控制注肥速率,控制施肥量。对装置核心部件搅拌器额定功率、计量方式、溶肥搅拌参数、排肥速度及固液相比例等主要参数等进行设计与测试。结果 电感脉冲计量方式标准误差最大值1.26%,误差小、性价比好,确定其为本装置采用的计量方式;搅拌器以1.5 Kw额定功率、38 r/min转速搅拌、肥液浓度在1.1~1.3 g/mL、预搅拌时间30 min时,罐内各液位输出肥液浓度值差异不显著(P< 0.05),达到对肥料浓度均匀性的设计要求。结论 将施肥开始前的预搅拌时间设为30 min、搅拌转速设为38 r/min、肥液浓度不高于1.3 g/mL,输出肥液浓度有较好的均匀性,实现精准施肥。