水稻分蘖数的理论分布及计算公式

在水稻生长过程中,分蘖发生的时间和数量依据一定的规律,采取数学公式,可以计算出各个出叶期的理论分蘖数,进而分析苗情,拟定栽培方案,进行水稻高产栽培和标准化栽培。     

施氮和密度对寒地水稻分蘖状况及产量的影响

为探明寒地水稻肥密因子对水稻分蘖及产量的影响,采用多元二次旋转回归正交组合方法,研究粳稻'垦鉴稻10号'在不同时期的施氮量、调节肥施用时期及穴距对其分蘖及产量的影响.结果表明:对分蘖状况影响最大的因子是前期氮肥用量,其次是穴距和调节肥施用时期,再者是前期用氮量与其他因子的互作;与此同时,对分蘖状况各因子与产量的相关分析表明,有效蘖率＞蘖穗率＞最高蘖数＞有效蘖率与群体成穗率互作＞最高茎数与群体成穗率互作.因此,根据生产实际,尤其在低温地凉年份,适当加大前期氮肥用量并配合适当的密度以及其他农艺措施促使分蘖早生快发是提高寒地水稻产量的有效途径.     

氮素运筹对免耕移植水稻产量及氮素利用率的影响

以水稻品种国稻6号为材料,进行了氮素运筹对免耕移植稻产量及氮素利用率的影响试验。结果表明:免耕条件下,水稻产量与氮水平、氮基蘖肥比重呈单峰曲线关系,通过回归模拟计算出氮用量和基蘖肥氮素比例分别为164.4 kg/hm2和72.2%时水稻产量达最高;基蘖氮肥比例的增加可提高氮肥利用率,本试验条件下,氮肥用量169.8 kg/hm2,基蘖氮肥比例为75.0%时氮肥利用率最高。     

播期对小麦新品种洛麦22生育规律影响研究

为了明确播期对‘洛麦22’的各项生育指标及发展规律的影响,进一步开发其高产潜力,加快新品种的示范推广,对其小麦的籽粒灌浆和分蘖成穗规律进行了研究。用Logistic方程对不同习性小麦品种的籽粒灌浆过程进行了拟合;结果表明：随着播期的推迟,‘洛麦22’在10月13日播种的灌浆时间长于11月2日和10月23日,灌浆速率V2a最大,所以灌浆中期是粒重增加较快的时期,10月13日的灌浆中期持续时间最长。‘洛麦22’主要依靠主茎和第一个、第二个一级分蘖成穗,随着播期的推迟,总分蘖数和成穗数逐渐减少。因此,‘洛麦22’最佳播期为10月13日左右,通过控制冬前无效分蘖的措施以实现高产的目的。     

成都平原栽培方式对不同类型水稻品种生长发育及产量形成的影响

为明确成都平原水稻直播技术的适宜品种和配套高产栽培技术,以杂交籼稻‘德香4103’和常规籼稻‘金农丝苗’为材料开展了田间试验,调查测定了直播、机插秧及人工移栽等3 种栽培方式的生育期、分蘖成穗、叶面积消长、干物质积累、产量及其构成因素。结果表明,栽培方式间产量的差异与品种有关,杂交籼稻品种直播产量与人工移栽产量相当,高于机插秧;常规籼稻直播产量最高,机插其次,人工移栽最低。此外,直播稻群体数量增长最快,成穗以主茎和一次低位分蘖为主,抽穗后光合生产能力品种间存在显著差异。直播稻群体规模大,采用常规籼稻直播更有利于协调群体和个体的关系,依靠穗数优势实现高产。     

不同群体下水稻生长发育特性的研究

不同群体下，水稻个体和群体生长发育均发生了变化，群体变小后，水稻个体茎秆变粗。分蘖力增强，分蘖高峰期推迟，优势蘖位消失，成穗率提高，群体变小后，还能使水稻叶面积指数高峰期推迟，最大值变小，抽穗后功能叶叶面积变化。     

Wurzelsystem, Biomasseproduktion, Bestockung und Ertragsbildung von vier Winterweizensorten in einem System mit geringer Betriebsmittelzufuhr von außen

Rooting patterns, biomass production, tillering, and yield formation of four winter wheat cultivars in a low external input system Growth conditions of winter wheat in agricultural low external input systems, e.g. ecological agriculture differ from those in conventional agriculture with regard to nutrient flow, impact of diseases, and weed competition. Knowledge of the dynamics of yield formation of winter wheat cultivars is very important for further development of such systems. During two growing seasons root growth, above ground biomass production, tillering, and yield formation were studied with four winter wheat cultivars of different periods of release at two ecologically managed farms in Northern Hessia. The results can be summarized as follows: – In general, plant breeding did not lead to a reduced development of root systems or above ground biomass production in winter wheat (Stöppler et al. 1989 a). Modern wheat varieties develop an extensive root system in greater depth, which means better drought resistance. – Not only root length densities, total root length, characteristics of tillering, and yield formation showed clear genotypic differences between the winter wheat cultivars, but also the development of root systems and above ground biomass production. – Winter wheat cultivars with a high plant density seem to have a retarded root growth after tillering due to intra-plant-competition and late root growth during grain filling, whereas cultivars with a high ear weight develop an extensive root system before the grain filling period. At the beginning of this period, a great root length per culm seems to be most important to achieve a high ear weight. The results indicate that those cultivars with poor to medium tillering and high ear weight are very well adapted to the reduced nutrient flow in low external input systems of farming. –In low external input systems, a satisfactory wheat crop need be established before tillering.     

Breaking Uniculm Growth Habit of Spring Cereals at High Latitudes by Crop Management. I. Leaf Area Index and Biomass Accumulation

Spring cereals are commonly sown at high rates in Finland with the result that, under long day conditions, tillering is suppressed. If the apical dominance maintained by the shoot apex can be broken through altered crop management the possibility exists that the increased tillering allows a reduction in seeding rate. The objective of our study was to assess the effects of mechanical and chemical treatments, aimed at breaking the uniculm growth habit, on changes in green leaf area and consequently on biomass accumulation and partitioning in two spring oat, two spring barley, and two spring wheat cultivars. Results indicated that single applications of gibberellic acid (GA₃), chlormequat chloride (CCC), and urea had no overall, persistent, advantageous effect on crop growth, even though occasional, temporary increases in LAI, and accumulation and partitioning of biomass, were recorded. Changes in crop structure, however, did not solely result from the increased contribution of tillers; treatments also accelerated main shoot growth. Following damage to the main shoot caused by mechanical treatments in particular, one of the tillers rapidly replaced the main shoot. Therefore, a low seeding rate associated with treatments aiming at breaking apical dominance cannot substitute for a high seeding rate at high latitudes. This was particularly the case in 1992 when early summer drought—prevalent in southern Finland - resulted in peak values of LAI as low as ≤ 2 for wheat and ≤ 3 for oats and barley.     

两系粳杂超稀播壮秧的分蘖成穗率初探

通过设置秧田每公顷１５０ｋｇ（Ａ）、２２５ｋｇ（Ｂ）、３００ｋｇ（Ｃ）３个播种量，对两系粳杂７０优双九作双晚种植的分蘖成穗特点进行定株观察，结果表明，以净秧田播量１５０ｋｇ／ｈｍ２，培育多蘖壮秧，每穴１粒种苗的栽植方式；以及提高栽插质量并加强肥水管理，适度控制中后期群体，是提高成穗率和产量、降低用种成本的有效途径。     

Effect of defoliation management, based on leaf stage, on perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), prairie grass (Bromus willdenowii Kunth.) and cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L.) under dryland conditions. 1. Regrowth, tillering and water-soluble carbohydrate concentration

A field study was undertaken between April 2003 and May 2004 in southern Tasmania, Australia to quantify and compare changes in herbage productivity and water‐soluble carbohydrate (WSC) concentration of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), prairie grass (Bromus willdenowii Kunth.) and cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L.) under a defoliation regime based on leaf regrowth stage. Defoliation interval was based on the time taken for two, three or four leaves per tiller to fully expand. Dry‐matter (DM) production and botanical composition were measured at every defoliation event; plant density, DM production per tiller, tiller numbers per plant and WSC concentration were measured bimonthly; and tiller initiation and death rates were monitored every 3 weeks. Species and defoliation interval had a significant effect (P < 0·05) on seasonal DM production. Prairie grass produced significantly more (P < 0·001) DM than cocksfoot and ryegrass (5·7 vs. 4·1 and 4·3 t DM ha^?1 respectively). Plants defoliated at the two‐leaf stage of regrowth produced significantly less DM than plants defoliated at the three‐ and four‐leaf stages, irrespective of species. Defoliation interval had no effect on plant persistence of any species during the first year of establishment, as measured by plant density and tiller number. However, more frequent defoliation was detrimental to the productivity of all species, most likely because of decreased WSC reserves. Results from this study confirmed that to maximize rates of regrowth, the recommended defoliation interval for prairie grass and cocksfoot is the four‐leaf stage, and for perennial ryegrass between the two and three‐leaf stages.