寒地水稻基蘖肥效果差异分析

采用单因素试验设计方法,研究基肥和蘖肥纯N量比例变化对寒地水稻的影响。结果表明,施用化肥时,基、蘖肥比例3∶3施法分蘖多、颖花多、结实率和千粒重高、产量高,效果最好。基施1200kg/667m2有机肥,增产效果显著,值得推广。     

水稻分蘖期水分胁迫及复水对根系生长的影响

以水稻为试验材料,利用盆栽试验研究了水分胁迫及复水对根系形态、活力和干物质累积的影响.结果表明:水分胁迫减少根系干物质累积,根冠比、根系活力降低,单株根系条数下降,但平均根长大大增加;复水后根重、根系条数增加,根长在原有基础上进一步生长延伸,且根系活力大大增加、超过对照水平.表明分蘖期胁迫后复水对水稻根系形态和吸收功能均具有超越补偿效应.     

不同轮作制度减量施肥对水稻群体质量及产量的影响

为四川盆地农业生产模式转型提供理论依据,采用双因素试验研究水稻-榨菜(RV)、水稻-冬闲(RF)和水稻-小麦(RW)3种轮作体系(以下简称3种体系)4种减量施肥养分管理方式(缺氮、缺磷、优化施肥及农民常规施肥)对水稻分蘖、干物质积累和产量形成的影响。结果表明:3种体系适当减量施肥均可减少无效分蘖,改善水稻群体质量,控制水稻齐穗前期干物质的积累,增加齐穗后干物质和养分积累,在显著降低水稻氮肥施用量的前提下增加水稻的产量。其中,优化施肥处理3种体系的分蘖数分别较缺氮处理提高32.7%、37.2%和54.8%;在水稻-冬闲和水稻-小麦两种轮作体系中,优化施肥较农民常规施肥无效分蘖分别减少29.7%和22.13%;成熟期的干物质积累量较农民常规施肥处理分别提高8.4%、114.6%和41.4%;3种轮作体系优化施肥处理产量均最高,分别为9 292kg/hm2、7 389kg/hm2和6 741kg/hm2,较农民习惯处理分别提高15.9%、10.8%和11.6%。     

东北粳稻分蘖期耐冷性鉴定及SSR标记关联分析

 以140份东北粳稻品种（系）为材料进行分蘖期耐冷鉴定,用84个SSR标记对耐冷性差异较大的96份材料进行基于SSR标记的关联分析。结果表明,供试材料强耐冷品种（系）占20%,中间型（系）占30.71%,不耐冷品种（系）占49.28%;分蘖期耐冷性与结实率和单株穗重呈极显著正相关,与生育期呈极显著负相关;关联分析得到18个位点与分蘖期耐冷性关联,其中标记RM214,RM445,RM506,RM106,RM215,RM182,RM270和RM229与前人研究获得的水稻耐冷性QTL定位结果吻合。这些标记可作为东北粳稻耐冷性资源筛选重点选择的标记。 还通过优异等位基因的挖掘,得到一系列的优异等位变异及载体材料。     

Physiological and Growth Responses of Sugarcane Genotypes to Nitrogen Rate on a Sand Soil

Yields of sugarcane (a complex hybrid of Saccharum spp.) in FL, USA, are lower on sand soils than on organic (muck) soils. Nitrogen (N) supply may limit sugarcane growth and yields on these sand soils. A 2‐year pot study was conducted to determine sugarcane genotypic variation in response to N rate on a sand soil. Treatments included four N rates (0, 75, 150 and 225 kg ha^?1) and three sugarcane genotypes (CP 80‐1743, CP 01‐2390 and TCP 87‐3388). Nitrogen fertilizer was equally split and applied at about 55 and 125 days after planting (DAP) for each treatment. During the experiment, the number of nodes and length of the primary stalks and tillers were recorded. Leaf relative chlorophyll (soil plant analysis development (SPAD)) and net photosynthetic rate (Pn) were measured biweekly. All plants were harvested at 183 DAP to measure green leaf area (GLA), shoot biomass accumulation and partitioning, and fertilizer N use efficiency (NUE). Genotypes differed significantly in leaf SPAD, Pn, GLA, and shoot biomass accumulation and partitioning. CP 01‐2390 had the highest leaf Pn and shoot biomass, and CP 80‐1743 had the lowest GLA, shoot biomass and NUE among genotypes. Nitrogen rate affected leaf SPAD, GLA, shoot biomass and NUE, but had much less effect on leaf Pn. Green leaf area and biomass increased with increasing N rates. Our results suggest that a two‐pronged approach, selection of genotypes with high NUE while working to optimize N rates and delivery can improve sugarcane yields on sand soils.     

Influence of grazing frequency and intensity on aerial and reproductive tillering in Lolium perenne L. under subtropical conditions

Abstract

Reproductive and aerial tillering dynamics in Lolium perenne L. (perennial ryegrass) was monitored for two years under grazing. Reproductive tillers were observed from winter (June) to midsummer (February) with the main period of initiation occurring in spring to early summer (August to October). For infrequent lenient grazing, reproductive tiller densities ranged from 102 (July 1993) to 1 900 (September 1993) tillers m^?2, and from 29 (June 1994) to 980 (September 1994) tillers m^?2. By contrast, simulated continuous grazing (CG) resulted in reproductive tiller densities ranging from 13 (August 1993) to 100 (October 1993) tillers m^?2, and from 25 (July 1994) to 46 (September 1994) tillers m^?2. Aerial tillers were initiated mainly during spring, and to a lesser extent autumn and winter, with no appreciable number being recorded during summer. For infrequent lenient grazing, aerial tiller densities ranged from 25 (February 1993) to 1 620 (September 1993) tillers m^?2, and from 362 (August 1994) to 1 524 (September 1994) tillers m^?2. By contrast, CG resulted in aerial tiller densities ranging from 123 (May 1993) to 14 (June 1993) tillers m^?2, and from 5 (July 1994) to 29 (May 1994) tillers m^?2. There was no indication that reproductive or aerial tillers contribute to the persistence of perennial ryegrass under the grazing frequencies and intensities tested.     

分蘖肥不同施用时期对机插双季稻产量和群体发育的影响

分蘖肥的施用对促进水稻分蘖和提高水稻产量具有重要影响,但在机插条件下分蘖肥的最佳施用时期还不够明确。本试验以早稻品种中嘉早17和晚稻品种H优518为材料,研究分蘖肥不同施用时期对机插双季稻产量和群体发育的影响。试验处理分别为移栽后第7天、第10天和第13天施用分蘖肥,即D07、D10和D13处理。结果表明:与D07处理相比,D10和D13处理早稻产量分别降低9.4%和3.8%,晚稻产量分别降低4.5%和12.6%,但各处理之间差异不显著。早稻分蘖肥不同施用时期对每穗粒数和结实率具有显著影响,其中D10处理每穗粒数显著低于D07处理,D13处理结实率显著低于D07处理(P0.05)。晚稻分蘖肥不同施用时期对有效穗数的影响显著,其中D13处理有效穗数显著低于D07处理(P0.05)。与D07处理相比,D13和D10处理各生育期分蘖数、叶面积指数、生物量积累和氮素吸收均有降低的趋势。因此,在机插秧苗返青后尽早施入分蘖肥有利于提高群体质量,从而发挥机插双季稻的高产潜力。     

淹涝胁迫对水稻形态的影响

为探明水稻关键生育期形态特征对淹涝胁迫环境的敏感性,以常规稻湘早籼45为供试材料,分别在分蘖期、拔节期、抽穗期、乳熟期等4个生育期,设计不同淹水深度及淹水持续时间的淹涝胁迫试验,利用数理统计方法分析淹涝胁迫对湘早籼45的茎、叶等形态特征的影响。结果表明:1)与淹前相比,淹涝处理后0 d时,2/3淹处理在乳熟期的绿叶数减少最明显,3/3淹处理在分蘖期的减少最不明显,4个生育期均是2/3淹处理较3/3淹处理减少明显;淹后2 d时,各生育期绿叶数变化情况存在明显差异。2)除乳熟期外的其余3个生育期均存在高位分蘖情况,在拔节期最明显,其次是在抽穗期,且3/3淹处理的高位分蘖率高于2/3淹处理的。3)除乳熟期外的其余3个生育期均有增茎发生,且在分蘖期增茎最明显。4)根倒伏主要发生在乳熟期,其余3个生育期在淹涝3 d以后均出现根倒伏、茎倒伏或根茎倒伏并存的现象;气生根仅出现在抽穗期;卷叶现象出现在分蘖期和拔节期。5)在分蘖期和拔节期,淹水处理时间越长,叶鞘越长,且3/3淹处理较2/3淹处理的明显。     

水稻不同节位和数量分蘖对抽穗期的影响

以汕优63为材料,研究了在盆钵栽培条件下人工去蘖形成不同节位、不同数量分蘖的处理对抽穗期的影响.结果表明,随着保留的分蘖数量减少,抽穗期逐渐延迟;分蘖早发(低节位分蘖多、高节位空位)的处理比分蘖迟发(低节位空位、高节位分蘖多)的处理抽穗期明显提早;分蘖迟发能促进高节位分蘖的发生,而分蘖早发则相反.因此,水稻分蘖不仅具有数量调节作用,还有空间及时间调节作用.     

分蘖期干旱处理时间对水稻产量和生理指标的影响

以新两优6号为材料,采用盆栽试验,研究了不同生育阶段干旱胁迫历时对水稻生长、生理指标和产量的影响。结果表明,干旱处理使水稻株高得到抑制,抗倒伏能力提高;使叶片MDA浓度、脯氨酸含量和可溶性糖含量明显增加,随着干旱历时增加,先是急速增加,而后下降;分蘖期短时间干旱胁迫(T1)未造成新两优6号减产,产量反而增加9.2%。