优质香型粳稻绥粳4号精确定量氮肥技术研究

随着人民生活水平大幅提高,近几年市场对香米的需求量不断增加,香型水稻绥粳4号种植面积越来越大,很多农民在种植绥粳4号时,在肥料的使用上有很大的盲目性,尤其是氮肥。对此,该试验设计低﹑中﹑高3个氮肥量和氮肥基蘖肥与穗粒肥4个不同比例处理的研究。结果表明:绥粳4号在高肥,氮肥基蘖肥与穗粒肥的比例7∶3条件下分蘖较多,空瘪率较低,产量表现最好。     

丁草胺对水稻分蘖影响的研究

通过盆栽试验,探讨了丁草胺施药量、施药时期、施药时水层深度对水稻分蘖的影响。结果表明:在供试水稻品种中施用丁草胺会降低其分蘖质量;在同一品种中,随施药量增加,分蘖数量减少;缓苗后施药比缓苗前施药的水稻分蘖多;施药时保持4 cm水层(未没过心叶)对水稻分蘖的影响小于保持8 cm水层(没过心叶)。初步明确了不同水稻品种对丁草胺的敏感性不同,本试验中的东农419水稻对丁草胺的敏感性高于绥粳4号。     

德国黑麦草在四川的生长适应性比较

连续2年种植29个德国引进黑麦草Lolium spp.品种,以Tetragold和野生黑麦草为对照,综合评比各黑麦草品种的分蘖力、株高、植株鲜质量、抽穗期和成熟期等生长性状,筛选性状优良、在四川具有较强适应性的黑麦草品种。结果表明：Taurus、Barfort、Gemini、Fastyl 4个黑麦草品种表现出优良的综合生长性状,在四川地区适应性强,可用于引进品种推广应用研究;Licarno、Bartissimo、Alamo拔节速度快,抽穗前植株较高,Tosca、Zarastro、Remy分蘖力强,Lolita植株鲜质量产量高,Defo、Prestyl、Pomerol花期迟,生育期、供草期长,可作为选育当家品种的远缘优良亲本材料。     

基于离散元与多体动力学的微耕机旋耕刀轴负荷分析

旋耕部件是微耕机的核心部件,其耕作性能的优劣直接影响微耕机的耕作效率和作业质量。以重庆地区典型的旋耕刀辊和土壤为对象,基于离散元和多体动力学理论,设定前进速度为0.2 m·s^-1,转速为110 r·min^-1,耕深为150和200 mm,采用非线性粘弹性塑性接触模型,在EDEM和Recurdyn软件平台上实现了刀辊耕作过程的模拟分析;同时,依托已有的土槽试验平台,测试了相同工况下刀轴的等效扭矩。模拟与试验的对比分析结果表明：同一刀轴上不同刀盘的扭矩变化规律相似,但数值并不一致,整个刀轴所受的等效扭矩不能简单地理解为单个刀盘所受扭矩与刀盘数的乘积;耕作深度为150、200 mm时刀轴等效扭矩的变化规律一致,模拟值与试验值的最大相对误差分别为14.01%、11.49%。研究结果可为探讨旋耕刀与土壤的相互作用,优化微耕机作业性能提供参考。     

先旱后涝胁迫下水稻茎蘖及株高动态响应

为了解先旱后涝胁迫下水稻的茎蘖和株高生长动态,采用测坑试验方法研究先旱后涝胁迫对水稻分蘖数和株高的影响,根据分蘖变化拟合分析了水稻茎蘖消长动力学模型,根据株高动态变化拟合了Logistic增长模型.试验结果表明:先旱后涝胁迫过程在分蘖期和拔节孕穗期均不同程度地抑制水稻分蘖;水稻在分蘖期、拔节孕穗期及抽穗开花期受涝可促进株高增长,在分蘖期、拔节孕穗期及抽穗开花期受旱则抑制株高增长;茎蘖消长动力学模型较好地拟合了茎蘖消长的过程,具有实践意义;Logistic模型拟合株高动态变化拟合度也较高,且适用合理.研究结果可为合理制定灌溉方案和提高水稻产量提供依据.     

Divergent effects of defoliation intensity and frequency on tiller growth and production dynamics of Pascopyrum smithii and Hesperostipa comata

Rotational stocking theoretically enables regrazing of regrowth, but regrowth may be limited in xerophytic vegetation. We tested the hypothesis that regrowth would be slow and fixed in Hesperostipa comata (a caespitose, drought‐tolerant grass), while growth would be flexible in Pascopyrum smithii (a rhizomatous, less drought‐tolerant grass) under increasing defoliation and moisture, by assessing tiller growth rates, population dynamics and plant yield on marked plants in a Dry Mixed Grass prairie. Plots were clipped in late summer to simulate a deferred control, or intermittently during the growing season (May–August) at high intensity–low frequency (HILF), low intensity–high frequency (LIHF) or high intensity–high frequency and crossed with two water treatments (ambient and addition) in both a xeric upland and a mesic lowland. Growing season defoliation increased tiller growth rates of P. smithii in the upland, whereas HILF and LIHF reduced growth in the lowland. All defoliation regimes increased tiller growth for H. comata. Tiller populations of H. comata increased with frequent defoliation, while tiller populations of P. smithii decreased regardless of defoliation regime. Frequent defoliation, regardless of intensity, reduced yield relative to the deferred control for both grasses. While water addition consistently increased growth rates and reduced differences in tiller number among defoliation treatments, the regrowth of both grasses remained similar under varied defoliation with ambient moisture. High moisture conditions also promoted regrowth more in P. smithii compared to H. comata. In summary, neither grass species displayed an inherently fixed or flexible tiller or plant yield response in response to defoliation or moisture.     

不同施肥处理对郁闭杨树林地麦冬生长的影响

在郁闭杨树林地间作麦冬,研究不同施肥处理对麦冬生长的影响。结果表明:施肥对2年生麦冬的地上部分鲜重及分蘖株数的影响不大,但对麦冬块根生长有极显著促进作用。3种施肥处理对比不施肥的对照,块根鲜重分别增加了179%、196%、342%,块根干重分别增加了170%、177%、294%。在复合肥用量不变的情况下,增加鸡粪用量到15 000 kg/hm~2,麦冬块根鲜、干重分别为2 861 kg/hm~2、1 408 kg/hm~2,相比鸡粪用量3 750 kg/hm~2处理,块根鲜、干重分别增加了58.8%、46.1%;相比鸡粪用量7 500 kg/hm~2处理,块根鲜、干重分别增加了49.2%、42.5%。施肥还有助于提高麦冬块根的外观品质。     

微耕机水田旋耕刀片切土作业过程动力学仿真

针对微耕机旋耕作业部件与水田土壤间的作用机理研究匮乏,作业过程出现碎土性能差、效率低、和功耗大等问题,以1WGQ4型微耕机为对象,采用有限元法(FEM)和光滑粒子流体动力学方法(Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics,SPH)的耦合方法,构建土壤-旋耕作业部件系统的动力学仿真模型,在细观上对旋耕作业部件刀片与水田土壤间的作用过程进行动力学分析。结果表明:构建的土壤-旋耕作业部件系统的动力学仿真模型精度高;水田旋耕刀片向后抛起的土壤少,与挡板碰撞破碎的土壤少,水田微耕机采用前耕后驱设计方案有利于提高其碎土性能。     

Size/density compensation in Chloris gayana Kunth cv. Fine Cut subjected to different defoliation regimes

The study evaluated the plasticity of Chloris gayana Kunth cv. Fine Cut to defoliation in terms of tiller size/density compensation (SDC). Twelve mini‐swards were grown in a greenhouse under non‐limiting water and nutrient availabilities for 188 d. Four defoliation treatments were applied as a factorial arrangement of two defoliation frequencies and intensities: 80L, 80H, 100L and 100H (80 and 100 denote percentage of photosynthetically active radiation intercepted at defoliation; L and H denote stubble LAIs of 0·6 and 1·75, respectively). Tiller density, demography, dry weight, leaf area and volume were determined over the final 77 d of the experiment. SDC was observed across 80H and both 100 treatments. The estimated slope of the relationship between tiller size and density was close to ?5/2, the deviation from the ?3/2 line proposed for undefoliated swards being related to changes in LAI and tiller leaf area/volume ratio. The most severe defoliation regime, 80L, resulted in a lower tiller population density relative to the compensation line, suggesting that this defoliation management shifted the species beyond its range of phenotypic plasticity. Cumulative herbage production was significantly reduced in 80L. Despite the similar herbage production of 80H and both 100 treatments, the former was the most favourable defoliation regime for optimizing leafiness and productivity.