杂交油菜皖油9号高产栽培模式

采用五因素五水平二次回归正交旋转组合设计，对影响油菜产量的播期、密度、施氮肥量、施磷肥量和施钾肥量５个因子关系进行了定量研究，建立了油菜产量对５个栽培因子反应的数学模型，并对模型进行了检验和解析。结果表明，模型极为显著，与实际相吻合，５项栽培因子对油菜产量存在显著或极显著影响。在该试验条件下，５个因子的作用大小顺序：施氮肥量＞密度＞播期＞施磷肥量＞施钾肥量。并对模型进行模拟寻优，优选出单产在２２５０ｋｇ／ｈｍ２以上的最优综合农艺措施组合方案：播期９月１３日～９月１６日，密度１６．５～１８．３万株／ｈｍ２。肥料施用量：尿素４８４．５～５１４．５ｋｇ／ｈｍ２，过磷酸钙８０１～８５２ｋｇ／ｈｍ２，氯化钾１３６．５～１６４．２５ｋｇ／ｈｍ２。经１年的实践检验，验证了该模型符合实际生产，取得明显的经济效益     

不同化学除草剂对保护性耕作小麦田间杂草防除效果的比较与分析

为解决呼伦贝尔地区保护性耕作小麦田间杂草危害,提高小麦产量,增加农民收入,选用8种化学除草剂在播前和苗期对小麦田杂草进行防除,其结果表明:确定了呼伦贝尔地区保护性耕作小麦田以藜、卷茎蓼、山苦菜和狗尾草为杂草优势种,披碱草、猪毛菜为亚优势种。所选用的8种除草剂均可用于保护性耕作小麦田杂草的防除,而且几种除草剂混合使用处理的杂草防除效果均优于除草剂单独使用的防除效果,对小麦产量影响的大小顺序与其防除效果相同,顺序依次为草甘膦+2,4-D丁酯+骠马>2,4-D丁酯+骠马>护麦+骠马>10%抑阔宁+骠马>2,4-D丁酯>骠马>2甲4氯钠盐>草甘膦>护麦>伴地农>10%抑阔宁>阔叶枯,其中除草剂混合使用的处理可优先选择使用,而2,4-D丁酯、骠马、2甲4氯钠盐、草甘膦可次之,10%抑阔宁和阔叶枯可不用。     

不同耕作方式对旱作区冬小麦生产和产量的影响

为了筛选出适宜旱作区推广的耕作技术,在旱作大田条件下,设置一次深翻、免耕覆盖、深松覆盖、传统耕作四种耕作方式,研究了不同耕作方式下花后土壤水分和养分状况、小麦旗叶叶绿素含量、小麦旗叶净光合速率和小麦籽粒灌浆速率及产量。结果表明,免耕覆盖、深松覆盖开花期和灌浆期0～40 cm土层土壤水分含量分别比传统耕作提高了4.13%、6.23%和5.50%、9.27%,0～40 cm土层土壤碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾含量均显著高于传统耕作,为小麦开花后生长发育提供了良好的环境,从而提高了小麦灌浆中后期旗叶叶绿素含量和净光合速率,促进花后干物质积累及干物质向籽粒转运,进而提高了籽粒灌浆速率,使得籽粒产量显著提高。     

Subsoiling and Ridge Tillage Alleviate the High Temperature Stress in Spring Maize in the North China Plain

High temperature stress（HTS） on spring maize（Zea mays L.） during the filling stage is the key factor that limits the yield increase in the North China Plain（NCP）.Subsoiling（SS） and ridge tillage（R） were introduced to enhance the ability of spring maize to resist HTS during the filling stage.The field experiments were conducted during the 2011 and 2012 maize growing seasons at Wuqiao County,Hebei Province,China.Compared with rotary tillage（RT）,the net photosynthetic rate,stomatal conductance,transpiration rate,and chlorophyll relative content（SPAD） of maize leaves was increased by 40.0,42.6,12.8,and 29.7% under SS,and increased by 20.4,20.0,5.4,and 14.2% under R,repectively.However,the treatments reduce the intercellular CO 2 concentration under HTS.The SS and R treatments increased the relative water content（RWC） by 11.9 and 6.2%,and the water use efficiency（WUE） by 24.3 and 14.3%,respectively,compared with RT.The SS treatment increased the root length density and soil moisture in the 0-80 cm soil profile,whereas the R treatment increased the root length density and soil moisture in the 0-40 cm soil profile compared with the RT treatment.Compared with 2011,the number of days with temperatures 33°C was more 2 d and the mean day temperature was higher 0.9°C than that in 2012,whereas the plant yield decreased by 2.5,8.5 and 10.9%,the net photosynthetic rate reduced by 7.5,10.5 and 18.0%,the RWC reduced by 3.9,5.6 and 6.2%,and the WUE at leaf level reduced by 1.8,5.2 and 13.1% in the SS,R and RT treatments,respectively.Both the root length density and the soil moisture also decreased at different levels.The yield,photosynthetic rate,plant water status,root length density,and soil moisture under the SS and R treatments declined less than that under the RT treatment.The results indicated that SS and R can enhance the HTS resistance of spring maize during the filling stage,and led to higher yield by directly improving soil moisture and root growth and indirectly improving plant water status,photosynthesis and grain filling.The study can provide a theoretical basis for improving yield of maize by adjusting soil tillage in the NCP.     

独立学院植物生产类专业植物形态解剖实验实践教改研究

对独立学院植物生产类专业的专业基础课植物形态解剖实验实践的教学目标、教学内容、教学方法、考核手段等方面进行了较深入的分析,从培养独立学院学生理论结合实践的能力、解决实际问题的能力等方面提出了教改的内容与实施措施,并在学生中初步实验验证,效果良好。     

基于田间摄像的多参数水稻土深松扰动行为与效应研究

耕作机具的土壤扰动行为密切联系土壤失效机理与耕作效应,是优化耕作系统的重要依据。本研究通过土壤耕作原位综合测试平台开展单铲深松试验,从5个方位录制深松视频,同时配合使用微地貌测试、耕作阻力测试、EDEM仿真、深松扰动剖面土壤紧实度测试和深松理论检验,探究深松铲入土角α和耕深D对水稻土深松扰动过程、土壤失效机理及深松效应的影响。结果表明,摄像法提取的纵向碎土距离R、扰动宽度W及抬土高度H与α和D显著相关,可用于水稻土深松扰动行为的定量表述。摄像法显示水稻土难以脆性断裂,铲两侧发生非对称性土壤剪切失效。土壤沿曲柄攀升,抬土高度H随α增大,随D减小,表明深松铲的设计参数和作业参数同时影响抬土能力。R随对应耕深范围内铲的纵向水平长度L线性增加,W随α线性增加。地表平整度S和扰动宽度W均在耕深20 cm时最大。深松土壤扰动行为的EDEM仿真从微观层面再现了摄像法记录的非对称性失效、侧向挤压失效和深松新月形失效现象,表明该离散元模型用于解析水稻土深松力学的科学性。EDEM仿真进一步显示出应力集中区沿铲尖与铲柄破土刃周期性上下移动,同时也对铲下方底层土造成挤压。深松扰动剖面土壤紧实度等值线图验证了仿真过程中铲尖下方形成的土壤压实带,并直观展示出耕深30 cm时,犁底层土壤因侧向挤压流变形成的沟槽状紧实壁面。本文结合田间原位摄像法的多参数测试研究可为深松铲和耕作系统的优化提供依据。     

Agronomic Practices at Low Environmental Impact for Durum Wheat in Mediterranean Conditions

The application of conservative agricultural practices such as crop rotation, shallow tillage, and organic fertilizer could usefully sustain crop yield and increase soil fertility, thus playing an important role in the sustainable agriculture. This study was conducted to determine the effects of conservative agronomic practices on yield and quality of wheat. The effects of these practices on soil fertility were further investigated in this four-year study (2005–2008). Two cropping systems, durum wheat in continuous cropping, and in two-year rotation with leguminous crops, were investigated at Foggia (Southern Italy) in rain-fed conditions. Within each cropping system, two levels of crop management were compared: i) conventional, characterized by a higher soil tillage management and mineral fertilizers application; ii) conservative, with a lower soil tillage management and organic-mineral fertilizers. The seasonal weather greatly affected the wheat yield and quality, inducing lower production in years that were characterized by unfavorable climatic conditions. This trend was found when the conventional treatment was applied, both in continuous cropping and rotations. The effects of cropping systems and crop management pointed out the positive role played by the leguminous crops (common vetch and chickpea) in crop rotation. This introduction improved wheat yield in rotation (6.47% compared to the continuous cropping), improved grain protein content (5.88%), and reduced the productive gap between conventional and conservative treatments (9.24 and 14.14% of the wheat in rotation and continuous cropping, respectively). Conversely, the effects of cropping systems and crop management on soil fertility were not very high, since the differences found at the end of the study in total nitrogen values were poor. However, total organic carbon (16.04 and 17.58% for cropping system and crop management, respectively) and available phosphorus values (11.30 and 7.43%) depend on root organic matter contribution, plant biomass residues, and fertilizations. The suitable crop rotation and the sustainable crop management appear important agronomical practices to improve yield and quality of wheat, and may reduce the environmental risks resulting from conventional intensive cropping systems.     

森林可持续经营实践若干问题的思考

森林可持续经营实践已在国内外开展并逐步走向深入，而从我国森林可持续经营实践来看，仍有许多问题值得我们去思考，研究和解决：（1）政策支持体系问题，从中观和微观操作水平探讨与森林可持续经营相协调的各类政策。（2）实证研究问题，从具体的历史事实和案例中寻找森林可持续经营的一般规律，并进行理论创新。（3）决策过程和方法问题，探讨“自上而下”的决策过程，理顺农民，科技人员和政府的多方参与关系和各自承担的角色。（4）利益结构的调整和优化问题，调整和优化森林可持续经营中不同主体之间的利益结构，研究和设计确保森林经营者利益的政策。参4。     

食品安全校内实习基地建设与管理探索与实践

食品安全校内实习基地是学生进行食品安全实习活动的重要场所。该文介绍食品安全校内实习基地建设的重点,提出实习基地管理的措施。