Influence of dietary l-carnitine on growth, biological traits and meat quality in Tilapia

This study was designed to determine whether l -carnitine supplementation is necessary in a tilapia diet containing low-fish meal and a high lipid level, which is beneficial economically and for the environment. The effects of dietary l -carnitine on the growth, body composition, blood traits and post-thaw drip from muscle in hybrid tilapia were investigated. Five isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets were fed to the fish with a mean body weight of 141.7 g for 168 days. The control diet contained fish meal as the major protein source with 7% lipid. Other diets contained 7% or 12% lipid, in which fish meal was largely replaced by plant proteins, and supplemented with l -carnitine or not. Results showed that supplemental dietary l -carnitine did not affect the growth performance, feed efficiency or protein efficiency ratio, while the supplementation significantly reduced the mesenteric fat ratio. Whole body and muscle proximate compositions were unaltered by any dietary treatment. The total plasma lipid, triacylglycerol and cholesterol values of tilapia fed diets with alternative plant proteins were significantly lower than those of the control fish, whereas increasing the dietary lipid content increased the aforementioned blood traits. A decrease in plasma ammonia and an increase in urea were observed in dietary l -carnitine-supplemented fish. Post-thaw drip from muscle was reduced in fish fed supplemental dietary l -carnitine. The observations of this study revealed that neither the growth performance nor the feed utilization of hybrid tilapia was improved by a dietary l -carnitine treatment, but that it did lead to a reduced mesenteric fat ratio, altered nitrogen metabolism and improved meat quality.     

Re-evaluation of total sulphur amino acid requirement and determination of replacement value of cystine for methionine in semi-purified diets of juvenile Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus

Two feeding experiments were conducted to re-evaluate the total sulphur amino acid (TSAA; methionine and cystine) requirement and determine the replacement value of cystine for methionine of juvenile Nile tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus ). Semi-purified diets used in both experiments contained 3510 kcal gross energy and 280 g of protein per kilogram diet from casein, gelatin and crystalline amino acids. The basal diet of the first experiment contained 3.1 g methionine and 0.4 g cystine per kilogram. l -methionine was added to the seven remaining diets at 1.0 g kg⁻¹ increment to produce methionine levels ranging from 3.1 to 10.1 g kg⁻¹ diet. Each diet was fed to four replicate groups of juvenile Nile tilapia (1.28 g mean weight) in a recirculation system for 8 weeks. Broken-line regression analysis of weight gain data indicated that the TSAA requirement of juvenile Nile tilapia was 8.5 g kg⁻¹ of the diet or 30.4 g kg⁻¹ of dietary protein. In the second experiment, TSAA level was set at 95% of the requirement value determined in the first experiment. Seven diets were made with different ratios of l -methionine and l -cystine (20 : 80, 30 : 70, 40 : 60, 50 : 50, 60 : 40, 70 : 30 and 80 : 20, based on an equimolar sulphur basis). Each diet was also fed to four replicate groups of juvenile Nile tilapia (4.14 g mean weight) in a recirculation system for 8 weeks. Regression analysis of weight gain data using broken-line model indicated that cystine (on a molar sulphur basis) could replace up to 49% of methionine requirement in semi-purified diets for juvenile Nile tilapia.     

微生物发酵对罗非鱼下脚料蛋白酶解液脱腥去苦效果比较

以嗜热链球菌(Streptococus thermophilus)、保加利亚乳杆菌(Lactobacillus bulgaricus)和瑞士乳杆菌(L.helveticus)及2种酿酒酵母菌(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)为菌种,对罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)下脚料蛋白酶解液进行发酵,利用感官评定法,比较不同微生物发酵对酶解液脱腥去苦效果.试验结果表明,乳酸菌脱腥效果优于酵母菌,其中以嗜热链球菌脱腥效果最好,其适宜的发酵条件为接种量10%,发酵温度42℃,发酵时间9 h.微生物发酵去苦效果不明显.     

不同浓度的枯草芽孢杆菌对罗非鱼鱼苗的养殖水体水质及其抗病力的影响

罗非鱼鱼苗的养殖水体中引入不同浓度的枯草芽孢杆菌,检测水体的水质指标、鱼苗体内与免疫相关酶的酶活力、鱼苗的生长率和成活率。实验结束时,引入1.0×10^4 cfu/mL枯草芽孢杆菌实验组,氨氮和亚硝酸盐氮含量分别为2.72 mg/L、0.15 mg/L,显著低于对照组（P〈0.05）;AKP活力、抗菌活力分别达249.9 U/g prot、0.59μg/mL,显著高于对照组（P〈0.05）;鱼苗成活率也显著高于对照组（P〈0.05）,比对照组提高了11.0%。结果显示：适合浓度的枯草芽孢杆菌能有效地改善鱼苗养殖水体的水质,提高机体免疫力和成活率。     

Semisynthetic ferulic acid derivative: an efficient feed additive for Genetically Improved Farmed Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

Ferulic acid (FA) derivative was synthesized by modifying the functional groups of FA as dietary additive in the feeding of Genetically Improved Farmed Tilapia (GIFT) juveniles. Structural confirmation of this compound was based on IR, ¹H and ¹³C NMR techniques. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary FA derivative supplementation on growth performance, antioxidant status and serum biochemical parameters of GIFT juveniles compared with that of FA. A total of 675 fish with an average initial weight of 10.73 ± 0.40 g were fed nine diets supplemented with 0, 0.26, 0.52, 1.04 and 2.08 mmol kg^?1 FA, or 0.26, 0.52, 1.04 and 2.08 mmol kg^?1 FA derivative. Each diet was assigned to three replicate groups of 25 experimental tilapia for 56 days. Weight gain (WG) in groups of fish fed FA derivative was much higher than that of fish fed FA diet (P < 0.05). The antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD, CAT and GPx) in serum and liver of tilapia fed the FA derivative diets were significantly higher, while the malondialdehyde values were significantly lower than those of the fish fed the FA diets (P < 0.05). The serum biochemical parameters of GIFT were significantly improved by the FA derivative supplement. Moreover, feed conversion ratio, hepatosomatic index and viscerosomatic index were significantly decreased in fish fed FA or FA derivative diet at 0.52 mmol kg^?1 feed (P < 0.05). The investigation on the semisynthetic FA derivative provides a new way for developing safe and efficient feed additives.     

Single nucleotide polymorphisms in the growth hormone gene of Oreochromis niloticus and their association with growth performance

Polymorphisms in the growth hormone (GH) gene that is associated with the growth rate of farmed fish have been the target of many breeding programmes. The present study aimed to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in GH gene regions to evaluate the association of SNP variations with the growth rate of two Nile tilapia: Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758) strains. The targeted regions were amplified, sequenced, aligned and screened for the presence of SNPs; thereafter, performance tests were used to check for the association between SNPs and weight. Allele and genotype frequencies were estimated for each SNP and genotype. Genotype blocks or sets of SNP genotypes and frequencies were also estimated. Association between SNPs and growth rate was statistically evaluated using a univariate linear mixed model that included both fixed and random effects. A total of 10 SNPs were identified, nine in the proximal promoter and one located in the 5′ UTR, forming 10 genotype blocks. In all weight recordings, five genotype blocks were significantly associated with the highest weights. Single nucleotide polymorphisms 6‐10 were also found to be significantly associated with growth (p‐value < .05). Genotypes with higher additive genetic values for weight were identified in the Chitralada strain, suggesting a possible impact of these additive effects of the GH SNP genotype on the growth rate of Nile tilapia. These findings may be used as part of marker‐assisted selection in tilapia breeding programmes.     

罗非鱼无乳链球菌LrrG-Sip融合蛋白免疫原性研究

为探究无乳链球菌LrrG(Leucine-rich repeat protein from GBS)和表面免疫原性蛋白Sip(surface immunogenic protein)串联表达的LrrG-Sip重组融合蛋白的免疫原性,该研究将原核表达的LrrG-Sip重组融合蛋白分别以0.5μg·g~(-1)(R1组)、1.0μg·g~(-1)(R2组)和1.5μg·g-1(R3组)每尾200μL腹腔注射免疫尼罗罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus),同时以Sip蛋白(S组)、LrrG蛋白(L组)以及PBS(P组)作为对照。2周后对所有免疫鱼体进行无乳链球菌(Streptococcus agalactiae)人工攻毒,攻毒剂量为其半致死浓度(LD_(50):4.0×108CFU·mL~(-1))。结果显示LrrG-Sip重组融合蛋白R1组对尼罗罗非鱼的相对免疫保护率最高,达89.14%;且免疫后第14和第28天,该组鱼体血清抗体OD_(450nm)值分别达0.63和0.64,均显著高于单一蛋白对照组(S和L组)和PBS组(P0.05);R1组鱼体血清过氧化物酶(POD)和碱性磷酸酶(AKP)活性在上述2个时间点也显著高于其他组(P0.05);但溶菌酶(LZM)和总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)活性与其他组之间差异不显著(P0.05)。初步表明LrrG-Sip重组融合蛋白具有良好的免疫原性,其免疫原性明显优于单个蛋白,且能有效减少免疫剂量。     

外源酶和柠檬酸对奥尼罗非鱼内源消化酶活性的影响

分别研究了饲料中添加外源消化酶、非淀粉多糖酶、植酸酶和柠檬酸对奥尼罗非鱼内源消化酶活性的影响。实验结果表明,与对照组相比,饲料中分别添加15g·kg-1和30g·kg-1的消化酶制剂,胃、肝胰脏、肠道蛋白酶活性分别升高了22.3%、17.7%、12.5%(P<0.05)和42.0%、25.2%、16.5%(P<0.01),肝胰脏、肠道淀粉酶活性分别升高了62.4%、28.8%(P<0.05)和54.0%、27.4%(P<0.05),肠道脂肪酶活性分别升高了23.2%(P<0.05)和43.6%(P<0.01);添加1g·kg-1非淀粉多糖酶和植酸酶,肝胰脏、肠道淀粉酶活性分别上升11.4%、49.5%(P<0.01)和14.0%、24.1%(P<0.05),对胃、肝胰脏、肠道蛋白酶活性无显著影响;饲料中添加10g·kg-1柠檬酸使胃蛋白酶活性提高29.6%(P<0.01),肠道蛋白酶活性下降35.1%(P<0.01),肝胰脏和肠道淀粉酶分别上升30.7%和29.4%(P<0.01);饲料中添加非淀粉多糖酶、植酸酶和柠檬酸对肠道脂肪酶活性均无显著影响。     

罗非鱼对浮游植物群落的影响

杂食性鱼类可以通过牧食和营养盐排泄影响浮游植物群落,罗非鱼是我国南方水体常见的外来杂食性鱼类,为了解其对浮游植物的影响,于2007年6～11月在广东珠海市大镜山水库进行了原位围隔实验,通过设置有鱼实验组与无鱼对照组,对比研究了尼罗罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)对浮游植物群落结构的影响。结果表明,实验结束时,有鱼实验组中浮游植物的密度和生物量分别为1.2×108个/L和8.16mg/L,是无鱼对照组(0.9×108个/L、1.22mg/L)的11.0倍和8.4倍。有鱼组中甲藻的生长明显受到限制,而蓝藻的密度和生物量增加;实验结束时,从生物量上看,无鱼组中甲藻占优势,有鱼组则是蓝藻占优势。本研究说明罗非鱼对浮游植物的生长和群落结构有重要的影响,其营养盐排泄产生的上行效应大于由于摄食产生的下行效应,从而促进了浮游植物的生长。     

Effect of replacing soybean meal with canola meal on growth,feed utilization and haematological indices of juvenile hybrid tilapia,Oreochromis niloticus×Oreochromis aureus

An 8‐week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of replacing soybean meal (SBM) with canola meal (CM) on growth, feed utilization, body composition and haematological indices of juvenile hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus×Oreochromis aureus). Six isonitrogenous diets containing graded levels of CM (0, 95, 190, 285, 380 and 634 g kg^?1 of diet corresponding to 0%, 15%, 30%, 45%, 60% and 100%, respectively, of protein from SBM) to replace SBM on an equal protein basis were fed to triplicate groups of juvenile fish (initial weight=6.3 g). The results indicated that up to 30% of SBM could be replaced by CM without causing a significant reduction in growth performance. Fish fed with diets in which CM replaced over 45% of SBM had a significantly lower protein efficiency ratio and a significantly higher feed conversion ratio than fish fed with other diets. The apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) of dry matter, protein and phosphorus were lowest for fish fed the CM100 diet. Significant differences in haemoglobin, haematocrit and white blood cell concentration were found in fish fed diets with different CM levels. It is concluded that up to 19.02% CM can be used to replace 30% of SBM in diets for juvenile hybrid tilapia without compromising growth, feed conversion and protein utilization.