辽河口潮滩湿地不同植被土壤4种碳代谢酶活性及其与有机碳含量、pH值关系

土壤碳代谢酶活性影响着土壤中含碳有机质的分解与腐殖质合成过程,进而影响土壤的“碳源汇”作用。研究了2012 年7 月、9 月和11 月采集于辽河口滨海湿地不同植被土壤蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶、脱氢酶、多酚氧化酶4 种碳代谢酶活性及其与有机碳含量、pH值关系。结果表明：翅碱蓬单独生长区土壤蔗糖酶活性：7 月＞9 月＞11 月;芦苇单独生长区、翅碱蓬+芦苇混合生长区、芦苇+苣荬菜+艾混合生长区土壤蔗糖酶活性：9 月＞7 月＞11 月。翅碱蓬单独生长区、芦苇单独生长区、翅碱蓬+芦苇混合生长区以及芦苇+苣荬菜+艾混合生长区土壤过氧化氢酶活性：9 月＞11 月＞7 月。翅碱蓬单独生长区、芦苇单独生长区、翅碱蓬+芦苇混合生长区土壤脱氢酶活性：7 月＞9 月＞11 月;芦苇+苣荬菜+艾混合生长区土壤脱氢酶活性：7 月＞11 月＞9 月。翅碱蓬单独生长区、芦苇单独生长区、翅碱蓬+芦苇混合生长区以及芦苇+苣荬菜+艾混合生长区土壤多酚氧化酶活性：7 月＞9 月＞11 月。除土壤蔗糖酶与有机碳含量(TOC)显著正相关(R2=0.38,P=0.033,n=12)外,其他酶无显著相关关系(P＞0.05)。4 种碳代谢酶与pH值间均无显著相关关系(P＞0.05)。     

Reclamation of a coastal reclaimed tidal land soil by gypsum and rice straw

This study was to evaluate the application effect of gypsum and rice straw on the saline–sodic soils of coastal reclaimed tidal lands during newly reclamation process by leaching method. Soil used in the lysimeter experiment is classified as Greyic Hydragric Anthrosols (Sodic Arenic). The experiment was carried out over a period of 1 year from May 2014 to July 2015 inside a plastic film house. Saturated electrical conductivity (EC_e) and exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) values of soils in gypsum treatment and gypsum with rice straw treatment then reached the desalinization criteria (EC_e = 4.0 dS m^?1, ESP = 15%) after the five or six pore volumes leaching cycles. However, in spite the 10 pore volumes leaching cycles in control and rice straw alone treatment, the values did not reach the desalinization criteria. The results showed that effectiveness of improvement of sodicity and salinity in coastal reclaimed tidal land soils was in the order of gypsum = gypsum + rice straw > rice straw = control. Our study has shown that gypsum alone treatment or gypsum with rice straw treatment in a coastal reclaimed tidal land soils improves their physicochemical characteristics.     

太湖重金属污染沉积物中的铁硫地球化学特征及其与相关重金属的关系

To understand the geochemical characteristics of iron and sulfur and the extent of iron-sulfide minerals influencing heavy metal behaviour in metal-polluted sediments of Talhu Lake, two sites, in Meiliang Bay （ML） and Wuli Lake （WL）, were selected to study the fractionation of iron, sulfur and related heavy metals. There were relatively high concentrations of Fe^2＋ and low concentrations of total S^2- in porewaters, indicating that conditions in these sediments favored iron reduction. The concentrations of acid volatile sulfides in sediments were 1.9-9.6 μmol g^-1 at ML and 1.0-11.7 μmool g^-1 at WL, both in the range of values detected in unpolluted lakes. Pyrite-S was 10.2-49.4 μmol g^-1 at ML and 10.3- 33.0 μmol g^-1 at WL, accounting for more than 69% of the reduced inorganic sulfur at both sites. The low degree of sulphidization （〈 14%） and pyritization （〈 10%） indicate that sulfate may be the limiting factor for pyrite formation. The extractability of Mn, Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni, and Cr in sediments all suggest that sulfides are not the major binding phase for these metals during early diagenesis. Sulfur may play a modest role in the geochemistry of iron and traced metals in the sediments.     

江苏沿海滩涂互花米草及坝田工程促淤试验研究

江苏沿海滩涂资源丰富,特别是辐射沙洲滩涂的近岸部分近期围垦开发的前景广阔。该文利用互花米草与坝田工程方法,设计了两种滩涂促淤试验方式,通过多次观察、测量计算及比较分析,得出仅利用互花米草(Ⅰ)的方法促淤速度较慢,但持续时间长,累积效果明显,而使用坝田中栽种互花米草(Ⅱ)的方法,互花米草作用没有得到发挥,坝田的促淤速度虽然快,但持续时间短,另外在方法Ⅱ中,大坝田和敞口坝田的促淤效果最佳,各类坝田中基本都形成一个有共性的淤积三角形形态,反映了淤积形态受潮流与地形控制的特性,最后探讨了工程对周围环境产生的可能影响。     

滩涂围垦区土壤重金属调查及生态风险评价——以盐城市弶港镇为例

以苏北盐城弶港镇滩涂围垦土壤为研究对象,进行了重金属Cr、Pb、As、Cd、Hg的测定及其风险评价,为我国沿海滩涂种植业的发展提供依据,并为其他国家和地区相关研究提供参考。结果表明,该区域土壤中5种重金属含量均未超过《国家土壤环境质量标准》（GB15618—1995）一级标准限制,农田土壤Cr、As、Cd含量较高,郊区菜地土壤Pb、Hg含量较高;重金属Cr、Pb、As、Cd含量在不同土地利用类型间存在显著性差异;Hg含量差异不显著。采用地积累指数法进行评估可知,土壤没有受到单项重金属污染。依据内梅罗综合指数法评估可知,潮间带沉积物、工业区土壤、滩涂围垦熟化的土壤没有受到重金属污染;郊区菜地与农田土壤的污染等级已达到警戒线,污染水平属于＂尚清洁＂。Hakanson潜在生态风险评价结果表明,区域内土壤重金属处于无风险等级,尚不具有潜在生态风险。     

互花米草入侵对闽江河口裸滩湿地土壤有机碳的影响

为揭示互花米草入侵对裸滩湿地土壤有机碳的影响,选取闽江河口裸滩湿地和被互花米草入侵的裸滩湿地为研究对象,测定其不同土层土壤的有机碳和活性有机碳质量分数,同时对土壤的各种理化性质进行测定分析。结果表明:裸滩和互花米草湿地0~60 cm土层土壤有机碳质量分数变化范围分别为0.95~12.43 g/kg和1.45~10.04 g/kg,平均质量分数分别为4.03和4.35 g/kg;互花米草湿地0~60 cm土层土壤微生物量碳、可溶性有机碳和轻组有机碳平均质量分数分别增加12.76%、40.86%和12.62%,土壤易氧化有机碳平均质量分数基本不变。研究结果表明互花米草入侵裸滩在一定程度上增加了土壤有机碳及不同活性有机碳质量分数,但影响并不显著。     

苏北浅滩中部典型沙脊潮沟海域不同空间鱼类群落的分析

利用2011年5月(春季)和2010年11月(秋季)在苏北浅滩大丰沿岸海域(32°44?~33°23?N、120°54?~121°38?E)开展渔业资源调查获取的资料,运用聚类分析方法划分群落结构,从鱼类的种类组成、多样性以及优势种等不同方面,探讨苏北浅滩沙脊潮沟地形对鱼类群落的影响。研究表明:春秋季苏北浅滩沙脊潮沟沿岸海域鱼类可划分为西部近岸群落、中部沙脊群落以及东部潮沟群落3个群落,其鱼类群落结构差异表现为,春季鱼类总种类数表现为潮沟(15种)沙脊(11种)近岸(3种);多样性指数(H')类似,即潮沟(1.57,1.89)沙脊(1.19,1.57)近岸(0.51,0.69);秋季鱼类种类数表现为潮沟(18种)近岸(12种)沙脊(11种),鱼类多样性指数表现为潮沟(1.54,1.54)近岸(1.02,0.96)沙脊(0.92,0.83)。潮沟海域与外海相连,外海鱼群顺着潮沟向近海移动,在潮沟末端遇到沙脊地形的阻挡,底栖性鱼群停留在沟底,造成种类数累积,多样性增加。优势种分布上,潮沟群落多为方氏锦鳚(Pholos fangi)、鮸(Miichthys miiuy)、小带鱼(Eupleurogrammus muticus)等产卵性鱼类;沙脊群落鱼类主要由赤鼻棱鳀(Thryssa kammalensis)和大银鱼(Protosalanx chinensis)等滤食性鱼类组成。苏北浅滩沙脊潮沟海域鱼类群落空间差异显著,而地形变化以及由此导致的环境变化是苏北浅滩沙脊潮沟海域鱼类群落结构差异的主要原因。以沙脊潮沟地形因素为突破口,不仅丰富了鱼类群落结构变化的环境影响因素,也为苏北浅滩渔业的管理和保护提供可靠依据。     

The Ornithodolite as a tool to quantify animal space use and habitat selection: a case study with birds diving in tidal waters

Animal‐attached technologies can be powerful means to quantify space use and behavior; however, there are also ethical implications associated with capturing and instrumenting animals. Furthermore, tagging approaches are not necessarily well‐suited for examining the movements of multiple individuals within specific, local areas of interest. Here, we assess a method of quantifying animal space use based on a modified theodolite with an inbuilt laser rangefinder. Using a database of >4200 tracks of migrating birds, we show that detection distance increases with bird body mass (range 5 g to >10 kg). The maximum distance recorded to a bird was 5500 m and measurement error was ≤5 m for targets within this distance range: a level comparable to methods such as GPS tagging. We go on to present a case study where this method was used to assess habitat selection in seabirds operating in dynamic coastal waters close to a tidal turbine. Combining positional data with outputs from a hydrographic model revealed that great cormorants (Phalacrocorax carbo) appeared to be highly selective of current characteristics in space and time, exploiting areas where mean current speeds were <0.8 m·s^?1 and diving at times when turbulent energy levels were low. These birds also oriented into tidal currents during dives. Taken together, this suggests that collision risks are low for cormorants at this site, as the 2 conditions avoided by cormorants (high mean current speeds and turbulence levels) are associated with operational tidal turbines. Overall, we suggest that this modified theodolite system is well‐suited to the quantification of movement in small areas associated with particular development strategies, including sustainable energy devices.