支脉河口潮滩芦苇生境适宜性分析及生态承载力评估

为实现岸段建设的防浪减灾及生境保护双重目的,优化人工岸段的建设管理,选取并监测了支脉河口潮滩区域土壤质量及污染因子等共13项理化指标,构建了芦苇种植生境适宜性评价指标体系和生态承载力评估模型,应用GIS技术分析了研究区滨岸潮滩芦苇群落构建的生态适宜性并评估了其生态承载力。结果表明：研究区主要为芦苇群落构建的中度适宜和勉强适宜生境,其主要限制因子为有机质、水解氮和有效磷等土壤肥力指标,其次为水溶性盐和含水率;生境适宜性分析得研究区44.16%为芦苇中度适宜生境（71.66 hm²）、生态承载力为7154~8255.72 g/m²、年可生产芦苇3.02×10⁶ kg,55.84%区域为芦苇勉强适宜生境（90.62 hm²）、生态承载力为1287.72~7154 g/m²,年可生产芦苇6.98×10⁶ kg;研究区芦苇生态承载力平均为4771.72 g/m²,可通过人工辅助构建和恢复芦苇群落进而实现人工岸段建设的生态化,并可获得年度1.00×10⁷ kg的芦苇产量。     

长期小麦秸秆还田对壤质潮土磷素含量及磷盈亏的影响

明确长期小麦秸秆还田壤质潮土土壤中磷素演变特征,可为潮土区土壤磷素管理和磷肥高效施用提供理论依据。利用壤质潮土长期定位试验（1992-2015年）,比较单施化肥处理（NP、NPK）和小麦秸秆还田配施化肥处理（NPS、NPKS）土壤有效磷、全磷含量变化,量化土壤磷盈亏和累积磷盈亏,并解析土壤有效磷变化量与累积磷盈亏之间的关系。结果表明,长期施用磷肥和小麦秸秆还田显著提高了土壤有效磷和全磷含量,提升了磷活化系数（PAC）,其年增量分别为0.68~0.78mg/kg、0.0031~0.0047g/kg和0.07%~0.09%,且小麦秸秆还田对土壤有效磷含量的增加速率有抑制作用,对全磷含量的增加有促进作用,但效应不显著。小麦秸秆还田增加土壤磷盈余。在土壤磷盈余时,土壤每盈余100kg/hm²磷,有效磷增加9.7~10.0mg/kg,小麦秸秆还田对其影响不大;在土壤磷亏缺时,土壤每亏缺100kg/hm²磷,秸秆不还田土壤有效磷含量降低12.6mg/kg,小麦秸秆还田土壤降低1.95mg/kg,小麦秸秆还田对土壤有效磷含量的维持有缓冲作用。小麦秸秆配施磷肥是提高和维持壤质潮土土壤磷素水平、增强土壤供磷潜力的重要措施。     

施用生活污泥对滩涂土壤性质及重金属含量的影响

为了探讨应用生活污泥改良滩涂土壤的可行性,明确生活污泥对滩涂土壤理化性质及环境效应的影响,采用符合农用标准的城市生活污泥为材料,通过盆栽培养试验,研究了施用不同用量（0、2.5%、5%、10%、15%、20%,土壤、污泥均以干基计）的生活污泥对滩涂土壤性质及重金属含量的影响。结果表明,施用生活污泥可显著提高滩涂土壤的总氮、总磷、碱解氮、速效磷等养分含量,其中总氮、碱解氮增加的倍数很接近,速效磷增加的倍数远远高于全磷的增加倍数。施用生活污泥显著增加了滩涂土壤的有机质含量,降低了pH值,对土壤可溶性总盐含量无显著影响。施用生活污泥,增加了滩涂土壤Ni、Cd、Zn、Cu、Cr重金属的全量及有效态含量,在实际应用过程中应根据生活污泥重金属的含量确定施用量。     

河口区淡水与微咸水潮汐湿地CH_4和CO_2的产生速率

通过室内培养试验研究盐度差异对闽江河口短叶茳芏潮汐湿地CH_4和CO_2的产生速率以及土壤理化性质的影响.结果显示,淡水湿地和微咸水湿地土壤CH_4的产生速率分别为0.03~0.76μg·g~(-1)·d~(-1)和0.01~0.22μg·g~(-1)·d~(-1),平均值分别为(0.27±0.06)μg·g~(-1)·d~(-1)和(0.10±0.03)μg·g~(-1)·d~(-1).土壤CO_2产生速率分别为0.44~6.68μg·g~(-1)·d~(-1)和0.64~6.77μg·g~(-1)·d~(-1),平均值分别为(3.03±0.42)μg·g~(-1)·d~(-1)和(3.47±0.41)μg·g~(-1)·d~(-1).淡水湿地土壤CH_4的产生速率显著高于微咸水湿地(P<0.05),而2个潮汐湿地土壤CO_2的产生速率并无显著差异.微咸水湿地的电导率、pH、总碳(TC)、总磷(TP)均极显著高于淡水湿地(P<0.01),总氮(TN)含量显著高于淡水湿地(P<0.05).相关分析显示,土壤CH_4和CO_2产生速率主要受温度、电导率、pH、TC、TN、TP的影响.     

潮汐流人工湿地床污水处理效果试验研究

研究新型潮汐流人工湿地床对污水处理的效果。试验结果表明：在淹没排空比为3h∶3h和回流比1∶1的条件下,该潮汐流人工湿地床对COD、BOD5和氨氮（NH4＋-N）的去除率分别为80.2%、79.0%和61.8%,去除负荷分别达到283.2、179.7和30.1g/（m2.d）,高于其他类型人工湿地;对总磷（TP）的去除率为28.7%,去除负荷为2.9g/（m2.d）。潮汐流人工湿地床总供氧能够满足有机物及氨氮的氧化需氧量。     

Site fidelity and movement patterns of wild subadult red drum, Sciaenops ocellatus (Linnaeus), within a salt marsh-dominated estuarine landscape

Abstract  During summer and autumn 2002, 12 subadult red drum, Sciaenops ocellatus (Linnaeus) (261–385 mm total length) were surgically implanted with ultrasonic transmitters and released within the upper reach of the Duplin River Estuary, Sapelo Island, GA, USA. A fixed array of submerged receivers automatically recorded the time that individual tagged fish were detected at 10 sites within the study area. Ten red drum implanted with transmitters were located within the receiver array for 6–96 days post-release. All fish exhibited a high degree of site fidelity at low tide, and movements appeared to be influenced by both tidal and diel cycles. Dispersal on flood tides was observed, but destinations (upriver or downriver) and paths taken (main channel, intertidal channels or flooded marsh surface) varied among individuals. Flood-tide movements were generally restricted to daylight hours. If the start of flood tide occurred after sunset, fish remained stationary. Variation in details of movement patterns among individuals notwithstanding, predictable behaviour and strong site fidelity make subadult red drum vulnerable to recreational fishing in the restricted tidal channels of the tidal marsh–estuary complex. However, the same predictability provides fisheries managers a means of targeting specific areas for protection of over-fished populations of this species.     

Geolocation of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) movements in the Gulf of Maine using tidal information

Information derived from archival tags (digital storage tags, DSTs) were used to backtrack the migration of 11 tagged Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) during 2001 in Massachusetts Bay, the Gulf of Maine, and Georges Bank. The DST tags continuously recorded time, temperature and depth. To geolocate fish positions during its time at large, we first extracted the tidal signal from the pressure recordings on the DST tags, and then compared the resulting data to data predicted with a Massachusetts Bay tidal model that provided us with geographical coordinates at a given date and time. Using least‐squares criteria within an estimated geographical region of confidence that was constrained by biological and statistical information (e.g. swimming speed, known release and recapture location, and bottom depth) we were able to geolocate the fish. The resultant geolocated migration tracks indicate a large degree of movement of Atlantic cod in the region and an elevated importance of the Great South Channel (GSC) migration corridor between Massachusetts Bay and the western Georges Bank and Nantucket Shoals region. This observation contrasts strongly with inferences of limited movements by Atlantic cod based on conventional tag recapture methods (mean of 1200 km traveled versus 44 km traveled as measured by conventional tagging and geolocation, respectively). This study demonstrates that geolocation methodologies applied to archival tag studies hold great promise of becoming an important new tool for fisheries managers to quantify the movements of fishes. It also points out the need for greater collaboration between fisheries scientists and oceanographers, and particularly for the development of improved tidal models to cover stock regions more accurately and with higher precision.     

Observing fish interactions with marine energy turbines using acoustic cameras

Marine current energy converters such as tidal and riverine turbines have the potential to provide reliable, clean power. The risk of collision of fishes with marine energy turbines is not yet well understood, in part due to the challenges associated with observing fish at turbine sites. Turbidity and light availability can limit the effectiveness of optical sensors like video cameras, motivating the use of acoustic cameras for this task. However, challenges persist in collecting and interpreting data acquired from acoustic cameras. Given the limited number of turbine deployments to date, it is prudent to draw on the application of acoustic cameras to monitor fish in other scenarios. This article synthesizes their use for other fisheries applications to inform best practices and set realistic expectations for the results of acoustic camera monitoring at turbine sites. We discuss six key tasks performed with acoustic cameras: detecting objects, identifying objects as fish, counting fish, measuring fish, classifying fish taxonomically and analysing fish behavior. Specific challenges to monitoring fish at turbine sites are discussed. This article is intended to serve as a reference for researchers, regulators and marine energy developers on effective use of acoustic cameras to monitor fish at turbine sites. The studies detailed in this article provide evidence that, in some scenarios, acoustic cameras can be used to inform the risk of fish collision with marine energy turbines but doing so requires careful study design and data processing.     

The missing link: tidal‐influenced activity a likely candidate to close the migration triangle in brown shrimp Crangon crangon (Crustacea,Decapoda)

Life cycle closure for species inhabiting areas with daily varying currents but directed net water transport requires specific behavior to minimize losses due to advection of passive drifting life stages. Variations in swimming activity of different‐sized Crangon crangon (15–65 mm total length) were therefore monitored under constant laboratory conditions immediately after being caught in the German Wadden Sea. Activity of shrimps of different sizes, caught at different seasons, always peaked at times corresponding with ebb tide in the habitat from where they were taken. This behavior was maintained for several days if no external stimuli were present but shifted to night activity if a light–dark cycle was provided. The observed behavior/activity pattern was included in a coupled hydrodynamic and individual‐based model (IBM) and the shift in the location of a shrimp cohort was monitored over time. Performance of ebb tide activity not only allowed the shrimps to reach the preferred deeper winter and spawning areas but also allowed them to migrate against the dominating current from eastern nurseries to more western located spawning areas. Passively drifting larvae released at these locations and later larval and juvenile stages that perform flood tide transport can reach the nurseries again. This links the nurseries and adult spawning grounds and closes the migration triangle.     

论潮下带海珍品的资源增殖

论述了我国潮下带海珍品的增殖历史和现状，提出了开发潮下带海珍品增殖业的多项技术措施：底质环境改造，潜水清除敌害，扩大饵料来源，选准投苗地点，潮下带沉网箱，轮放轮捕。