基于无人机可见光图像的夏季玉米植被覆盖度提取方法

为准确快速获取夏季玉米四叶期、拔节期、抽穗期和花粒期的植被覆盖度信息,利用无人机获取玉米田间可见光图像,对图像可见光波段提取的多种植被指数进行分析和比较,选择差异植被指数(Visible-band difference vegetation index,VDVI)、过绿指数(Excess green,EXG)和归一化绿蓝差异指数(Normalized green-blue difference index,NGBDI),结合监督分类提取了玉米4个时期的植被覆盖度信息。通过对试验田4个阶段的单幅图像监督分类处理,将其目标物分为土壤和玉米植被两类;分别统计监督分类后图像中土壤和玉米的VDVI像元直方图,将两者的像元直方图交点作为植被覆盖度提取阈值,同理获得EXG和NGBDI对应的玉米植被覆盖度提取阈值;利用获取的玉米植被3种覆盖度提取阈值,对玉米4个时期的植被覆盖度进行提取,并对提取精度进行了验证。结果表明,VDVI对应4个生长时期的植被覆盖度提取误差分别为1. 21%、4. 88%、2. 31%和3. 61%; EXG对应的植被覆盖度提取误差分别为1. 38%、1. 25%、0. 89%和0. 33%; NGBDI提取误差为1. 61%、3. 31%、1. 99%和3. 25%,EXG在夏季玉米4个生长时期的植被覆盖度提取效果最好。将玉米4个生长时期单幅图像确定的阈值作为固定阈值,对剔除确定阈值的单幅图像的试验田全景图像进行植被覆盖度提取,并对提取效果进行验证。结果表明,采用监督分类与可见光植被指数统计直方图相结合确定阈值的方法提取玉米植被覆盖度效果较好。     

水分亏缺条件下毛管埋深对番茄生长、产量及品质的影响

通过番茄滴灌试验,研究不同水分亏缺条件下毛管埋深对番茄植株生长、果实形态、产量与品质的影响。结果表明:毛管埋深对日光温室番茄产量、灌水量有显著影响(p0.05),对灌溉水利用效率和品质无显著影响(p0.05);毛管埋深为20 cm时,番茄植株生长速度较快,果实横茎较大。轻度与中轻度水分亏缺灌水条件下,毛管埋深为20 cm可显著减小C级(番茄直径D6.5 cm)果实比例29.2%,分别提高A级(D≥7.5 cm)与B级(6.5 cm≤D7.5 cm)果实比例16.6%、2.0%。番茄产量、灌水量随毛管埋深增加呈先增后减趋势,毛管埋深为20 cm时,番茄产量最高,达到66.44 t/hm~2。番茄产量和灌溉水利用效率随灌水下限增加而显著降低(p0.01),可通过不同毛管埋深与灌水下限组合,显著降低番茄灌水量,提高产量和水分利用效率。综合考虑,毛管埋深20 cm,灌水下限为田间持水量的60%处理组合为关中地区日光温室适宜的滴灌灌溉方式。     

苹果采后加工碰撞损伤影响因素研究

针对苹果在清洗、分级和包装等采后加工过程中损伤率较高的问题,以红富士苹果为试验材料,利用自制的苹果跌落试验台,研究跌落高度、果实质量、碰撞材料对苹果碰撞损伤的影响.通过3因素3水平正交试验,分析试验因素对苹果碰撞损伤体积影响显著性;并通过试验确定苹果在2种碰撞材料下的碰撞损伤临界跌落高度.试验结果表明:影响苹果碰撞损伤...     

基于DEM的西辽河流域河网水系提取研究

河网水系是对流域进行水文分析的重要数据,其生成的准确性会直接影响水文模型模拟的精度。以西辽河流域为研究区,在ARCGIS软件操作平台上对研究区的数字高程模型数据进行河网水系提取,设定不同的流域汇流累积阈值,分别计算出各模拟河网的分形维数及河网密度,取二者拟合趋势变化相同处阈值对应的河网与实际河网进行比较,发现此处的模拟河网与实际河网具有较高的拟合度,从而避免阈值确定的随机性、主观性等问题,有效地提高流域河网水系提取的精度。     

图像分割技术在木材表面缺陷识别中的应用

阐述了图像分割技术在图像处理及分析中重要意义,以及主要的图像分割技术。以木材表面缺陷为主要研究对象,利用微分算子边缘检测、最优迭代阈值分割及形态学方法针对具有代表性缺陷死节和虫眼进行分割处理。     

混交林的多样性及其光肩星天牛的抗性研究

应用DTV技术和理论 ,采用丰富度指数DMa、多样性指数H、均匀度指数JSW 及随林分中抗虫或感虫木比率由高到低变化时林分多样性指数累加值DV,分析人工混交林的多样性测度阈值与光肩星天牛危害率的关系。研究表明 ,多树种的人工混交林具有明显的抵抗蛀干害虫为害的能力 ,但混交林的抗虫力与所选配树种的抗性、抗性树种在混交林中所占的比率有关。当给定混交林分的树种数后 ,光肩星天牛的危害率PZ 与林分的多样性指数累加值DV 的关系符合Logistic模型 ;该模型中的系数a是林分本身的多样性测度值的起始位置 ,随树种数的增多a值具有稳定的增长规律 ;系数rm 的新意是混交林分对光肩星天牛扩大危害的阻力、即潜在的抗虫能力 ,rm 随林分中树种数的增多具有显著增大的趋势。林分的最大多样性测度值KDMa 、Kh、KJsw 也具有相同的变化规律。在 4～7个树种组成的系列混交林内 ,林分的多样性测度阈值DTV随树种数的增加而增高 ,但被害率极值Lvp反而降低。上述规律的意义还在于 ,随混交林中树种数的增加 ,设计或改造现有感虫林时选择树种的余地也增大。     

Influence of wildfire severity on riparian plant community heterogeneity in an Idaho,USA wilderness

Despite the increasing recognition of riparian zones as important ecotones that link terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems and of fire as a critical natural disturbance, much remains unknown regarding the influence of fire on stream-riparian ecosystems. To further this understanding, we evaluated the effects of mixed severity wildfire on riparian plant community structure and composition in headwater streams of the Big Creek Watershed of the Frank Church ‘River of No Return’ Wilderness of central Idaho. Five years after a large stand-replacing fire, we conducted riparian vegetation surveys at sixteen reaches across a range of burn types. Non-metric Multidimensional Scaling (NMS) and Multi-Response Permutation Procedure (MRPP) analyses showed an overall shift in community composition and structure between vegetation at unburned and severely burned reaches. Although total plant cover was significantly less at severely burned areas, recovery of the deciduous understory was apparent. Severely burned reaches were characterized by a marked increase in cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum). Reaches that were exposed to low-severity fire were indistinguishable from unburned reaches relative to vegetation community composition and structure, pointing to a possible disturbance threshold that may need to be crossed in order to alter riparian plant communities.     

毛竹林生态系统经济阈值模型的研究

如何确定合理的挖笋量是毛竹林丰产经营的关键问题。本文通过在建瓯设立50块毛竹林标准地，分别建立了毛竹林笋产量预测模型与林分平均胸径预测模型。在此基础上，运用经济阈值的手段对毛竹林生态系统进行研究。提出了毛竹林生态系统经济阈值的概念及研究方法，建立了毛竹林生态系统经济阈值模型。并结合实例对毛竹林生态系统经济阈值模型的应用给予了说明。本研究不仅丰富了经济阈值的研究内容与应用范畴，而且也为毛竹林的优化经营和丰产培育提供新的依据与技术。     

An empirical approach to target DNA quantification in environmental samples using real-time polymerase chain reactions

Recent advances in molecular techniques have allowed for the routine examination of nucleic acids in environmental samples. Although current methodologies are very sensitive, accurate target DNA quantification from environmental samples remains challenging. To facilitate high-throughput DNA quantification from environmental samples, we developed a novel DNA quantification method based on a non-linear curve-fitting approach to extract additional information from quantitative PCR amplification curves and used the fitted parameters to develop multiple regression standard equations for target DNA quantification. A 3-parameter sigmoidal function performed superior to a 4-parameter Weibull function for generating the multiple regression standard equations. In a verification experiment, target DNA was quantified in a series of ‘unknown’ samples in three soils using this approach and the results were compared to target DNA values determined using corrected and uncorrected Ct-based (threshold cycle) methods. For each method, the deviations from the expected target DNA content were determined. Results clearly showed that over all DNA concentrations, target DNA content determined by the non-linear curve-fitting method was more accurate and more precise than values predicted by all other methods. Analysis of variance conducted on the predicted DNA contents also revealed fewer statistical artifacts with the non-linear curve fitting method compared to the conventional Ct-based methods. The novel approach described here is accurate, inexpensive, and very amenable for automation and high-throughput applications.     

Physiological and Biochemical Responses of French Bean to Excess Cobalt

ABSTRACT

French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cv. ‘Anupama’ was grown in refined sand at variable levels of cobalt (Co), i.e., 0.0001 (control), 0.05, 0.10, 0.20, 0.40, and 0.50 mM, supplied as cobalt sulfate. The symptoms of excess Co (0.50 mM) appeared at day 35. In addition to growth depression, the young leaves developed chlorosis from the apex leading toward the base; the chlorosis intensified, changed to necrosis, and the infected leaves dried and withered. Under excess Co (> 0.0001 mM), the flowers produced were fewer in number, smaller, and many failed to mature, leading to lower seed yield. Excess Co (> 0.0001 mM) decreased the biomass, seed yield (number and weight), concentration of chlorophyll, Hill reaction activity, and activity of catalase, and deteriorated the quality of produce (sugars, starch, and protein nitrogen (N)), but it increased the concentration of phenols and activity of certain enzymes, i.e., peroxidase, ribonuclease, and acid phosphatase. The concentration of Co in various parts of French bean increased with an increase in Co supply and that of iron (Fe) decreased concomitantly. The values of threshold of toxicity and toxicity of Co were 26 and 72 μg g^?1 in young leaves of French bean, respectively.