6种混剂中代森锰锌的稳定性和ETU的含量

采用高效液相色谱和ＧＣ－ＭＳ，研究了在自然条件下贮藏５年的代森锰锌（ＭＺ）制剂的降解。样品用甲醇抽提，测定后经联机检索解析，确定了ＭＺ制剂的主要降解产物和途径。ＭＺ的主要降解产物和途径与一般的ＥＢＤＣｓ相似。ＭＺ的主要降解产物为ＥＴＵ，ＥＤＩ，ＥＵ等，主要降解途径为氧化。按照热贮藏方法（ＣＩＰＡＣ ＭＴ４６），采用黄原酸盐法测定了ＭＺ制剂单剂的稳定性，对ＭＺ＋ｆｏｓｅｔｈｙｌ＝Ａｌ，ＭＺ＋ｃｈｌｏ     

Strategies using genes for non-durable disease resistance

Strategies to deploy non-durable `major' or `R' genes for resistance to plant diseases are reviewed. The reasons for continuation of deployment of R genes singly despite its obvious failure are discussed. Alternative deployment strategies are described and the potential impact of plant biotechnology on the deployment of resistance genes is discussed. A strategy focusing on the crop phenotype, taking into account production practices, the nature of the pathogen and alternative control measures to determine the most appropriate deployment of host resistance genes is advocated. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

低温等离子体净化汽车尾气的实验研究

研制了一套高压脉冲电源和介质阻挡放电反应器,通过在常压下放电产生低温等离子体。结合模拟汽车排气实验,对放电电压、脉冲频率影响尾气净化的规律进行了系统研究。研究表明,利用介质阻挡放电产生低温等离子体净化尾气,是一种具有发展前景的排气后处理技术,对汽车尾气具有明显的净化效果。     

辛氰和乐氰混剂对甘蓝桃蚜抗性演化的影响

用辛硫磷与氰戊菊酯,乐果与氰戊菊酯的最佳配比及其相应单剂对甘蓝桃蚜进行抗性选育,汰洗２０代时桃蚜对两种混剂的抗性,分别为４．２０和２．６８倍,比相应单剂的抗性发展速度慢,尤其比氰戊菊酯单剂（２８９倍）更慢,表明上述两种混剂都可延缓桃蚜的抗性发展。用酶抑制剂进行增效应用测定结果表明：Ｋ１和ＴＰＰ对辛硫磷和乐果都有增效作用,尤以Ｋ１的增效作用更显著,其增效比分中辊为１０５３和３８,说明桃蚜对辛硫磷和乐     

两种轴流脱粒分离装置脱出物分布规律对比试验研究

该文在自行研制的轴流脱粒分离装置试验台上,利用水稻对螺旋叶片板齿组合式与钉齿式轴流脱分装置脱出物分布规律进行了试验研究,得到了两种装置脱出物沿轴向与周向分布曲线与方程。结果表明,两种装置脱出物分布规律曲线沿轴向呈Peal-Reed模型,沿周向均为系数不同的多项式形式。脱出物沿轴向与周向分布不均匀,且两种装置脱出物特性不同。     

Nitrogen concentration in the upper leaves of the canopy is a reliable indicator of plant N nutrition in both pure and mixed grassland swards

Effective indicators of plant nitrogen (N) nutrition are needed to improve N management in grasslands. This is particularly the case for mixtures that rely on N fixation by legumes as a major N input, because no reference tool such as the nitrogen nutrition index (NNI) exists under these conditions. The aims of this study were to test the reliability of a plant-based index, the N concentration of upper leaves in the canopy (Nup), as a possible alternative for NNI in both pure and mixed grasslands. Data were gathered from four experiments covering a range of pure and mixed grasslands under different N fertilization levels. A cross-validation of Nup predictions against NNI in pure stands, and against two NNI-derived indices in mixtures, was performed. The Nup values appeared to be linearly related to NNI in pure stands of both grasses and legumes. The relationship was identical for the two groups of species and explained up to 86% of NNI variability. In mixtures, Nup also displayed a linear relationship with the two other tested indices, explaining 65% and 78% of variability. The conclusions of the three indices diverged with respect to strongly unbalanced mixtures, where the assumptions regarding the computation of NNI-derived indices were not met. Excluding these situations, the overall relationship between Nup and NNI proved to be identical for mixtures and pure stands. The results suggest that Nup is a valid criterion for plant N nutrition which applies to a broad range of grassland species and to mixture conditions.     

杉木连栽地营造不同混交林后的土壤生化特性及土壤肥力的研究

本文通过对杉木连栽多代林地及连栽地营造不同类型混交林后林地的上壤化学性状和土壤生化特性的比较研究,探讨杉木连栽多代的林地营造不同混交林后土壤酶活性及化学性状的变化趋势,土壤酶活性与土壤养分含量之间的相关性。试验结果表明:在杉木连栽多代后营造不同类型混交林,土壤的营养元素含量有显著的增加,以有机质增加最为显著,土壤的生化活性除了个别的酶外,不同类型的混交林显著比多代的杉木纯林高,其中以柳杉×薄姜木为最佳;各种土壤酶活性与土壤化学性状关系密切,单相关系数可达0.3452—0.9745,复相关系数0.8710—0.9745,可用土壤酶活性作为评价杉木连栽林地土壤改良中土壤肥力变化的指标之一;综合土壤酶活性及土壤化学性状进行聚类分析,表明杉木连栽后营造成不同类型的混交林,均能提高土壤肥力,有良好的改土作用,本研究中,以柳杉×薄姜木最为理想。     

Diversity and Complexity of Erysiphe graminis f.sp. hordei Collected from Barley Cultivar Mixtures or Barley Plots Treated with a Resistance Elicitor

Powdery mildew populations were analysed to determine the effects of a resistance elicitor and cultivar mixtures on genetic complexity and diversity. Isolations were made from a range of spring barley monocultures and mixtures in a field trial, and characterised for virulence and RAPD profile. In a second trial, isolates were taken from a single mixture from untreated and resistance elicitor-treated areas and from the components of the mixture in monoculture. The mildew population was not only highly heterogeneous for virulence characteristics, but also proved heterogeneous within pathotypes for molecular markers, indicating the major impact of sexual recombination on population structure and the lack of clonal dominance. Various diversity measurements were compared and the value of dissimilarity measurement for revealing genetic distance within a population was highlighted. There was a trend towards increasing complexity as the season progressed, but there was no consistent relationship between cultivar or mixture, disease control treatment, fertiliser treatment, replicate or position in trial, and pathogen genotype. Whilst the resistance elicitor did reduce mildew by 78% in the first trial, and there was no interaction with fertiliser level in its expression, control was substantially less in the second trial. There were no differences between mildew isolates from elicitor and control treatments. It was felt that more effective and consistent resistance elicitors need to be developed before it can be stated that they are unlikely to be eroded by selecting resistant or adapted mildew genotypes.     

Intellectual property in entomology: Analysis and perspective on recent trends in global patent publications

Intellectual property (IP) is an important consideration for entomological research and provides a means to capture value from new discoveries. Herein, we describe an analysis of more than 26 000 patent publications from 2007–2017 related to the field of entomology. These patents were divided among 8000 patent assignees; however, only 5% of the assignees had ≥10 patents. Corporations accounted for the largest share of patents (59%), with individuals (20%), academic institutions (17%) and government organizations (4%) making up the remaining segments. From 2007–2017 the number of entomological patents increased by 400%, with the largest number being from China. However, unlike patents from Europe, Japan or the US, which target a range of countries, the Chinese patents almost exclusively focus on China. Among the array of subjects covered are transgenic insects and plants, repellents, recombinant insect cells, with the highest proportion of patents focused on insecticides (39%), followed by insecticide mixtures (27%) and formulations (21%). The top 30 patent assignees included companies/institutions from China (18), Europe (3), Japan (6) and the US (3). Among the top 12 entities, IP from the US assignees was distributed across insecticides, mixtures and insecticidal traits while those from China were more focused on mixtures. However, given expanding IP numbers from China it is expected that in the future there will be a greater impact on new insecticides and related technologies. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry     

机收棉田残膜混合物粉碎揉丝装置设计与试验

针对机收残膜混合物资源化利用困难、现有粉碎与揉丝装置处理的残膜混合物不满足白星花金龟幼虫适口性等问题,设计了一种残膜混合物粉碎揉丝装置,利用粉碎揉丝技术对残膜混合物进行加工处理以满足白星花金龟幼虫的适口性。该装置主要由粉碎装置、输送装置和揉丝装置等组成,通过对残膜混合物粉碎、揉丝装置作业过程进行运动学与动力学分析确定了各零部件的结构参数与工作参数。为了验证残膜混合物粉碎揉丝装置的作业性能,以粉碎辊转速、揉丝辊转速与揉丝辊间隙作为试验因素,残膜破碎合格率、棉秆粉碎长度合格率、棉秆揉丝率为试验指标进行三因素三水平二次回归响应面试验,建立了回归模型,分析了各因素对残膜混合物粉碎揉丝装置作业性能的影响,并进行了参数优化与试验验证。试验结果表明：影响残膜破碎合格率和棉秆粉碎长度合格率的因素大小顺序为粉碎辊转速、揉丝辊间隙、揉丝辊转速;影响棉秆揉丝率的因素大小顺序为揉丝辊间隙、揉丝辊转速、粉碎辊转速。优化后最优工作参数组合为：粉碎辊转速13.0 r/min、揉丝辊转速60.0 r/min、揉丝间隙1.6 mm。以此参数组合进行试验,得到残膜破碎合格率、棉秆粉碎长度合格率和棉秆揉丝率平均值分别为90...