Critical section effect during derivation of settings for grading machines based on dynamic modulus of elasticity

Testing of the critical section between the load points in four-point bending testing is required according to [DIN EN 384:2010–08, Structural Timber – Determination of Characteristic Values of Mechanical Properties and Density (Brussels European Committee for Standardization)]. However, strength grading machines based on measurements of the dynamic modulus of elasticity (MOEdyn) benefit as the strength of the weakest section is not always measured when deriving settings. According to the current procedure for derivation of settings, violation of the critical section requirement is accepted. The extent of such violation and its impact on grading settings of strength classes are quantified in two ways using about 3500 recently tested specimens of Norway spruce: empirically and modelled. The results show that for strength grading machines based on MOEdyn, the settings would be higher if the weakest section was always placed between the inner load points. The current procedure, however, leads to lower settings and hence better yields in practice. The settings for machines based on MOEdyn are up to more than 20% higher if the lowest bending strength of the entire board is applied. To treat different grading principles equally, a correction factor for settings of MOEdyn-based grading machines should be introduced – especially for lower strength classes. A simplified factor between 1.00 and 1.20 for standardization is recommended.     

开张角度对苹果植株体内源激素含量及平衡的影响

【目的】为开张角度技术在苹果生产上的推广提供理论依据。【方法】以3年生盆栽富士苹果(Malus domestica Borkh.cv.Red Fuji)/平邑甜茶(Malus hupehensis)为试材,研究开张角度对富士苹果植株体内源激素含量及平衡的影响。【结果】苹果植株茎尖的内源ABA含量随开张角度的增大显著上升,在新梢生长初期,枝条水平和枝条下垂与对照相比,分别升高了17.5%和29.2%;GAs、IAA、ZRs含量均有不同程度的下降,其中GAs、IAA含量下降显著,ZRs含量差异不显著。开张角度后,细根的内源ABA含量显著上升,GAs、IAA含量均有降低,ZRs含量差异不显著;茎尖与细根的(IAA+GAs+ZRs)/ABA比值随开张角度增大显著降低,在秋梢生长期,对照、枝条水平和枝条下垂3个处理茎尖的(IAA+GAs+ZRs)/ABA比值分别为2.11、1.61和1.36。【结论】开张角度使促进生长型激素GAs、IAA的含量显著减少,(IAA+GAs+ZRs)/ABA比值降低。     

Acoustic emission behavior of shale under four point bending test

PXWAE Acoustic Emission System is useol to investigate the acoustic emission behavior of shale under four point bending test. In these tests, the maximum bending stress, bending strain, acoustic emission hits, acoustic emission energy and etc., are recorded. The results show that when vertical loads impose on the shale sample which has horizontal stratification planes, Kaiser effect does exist under four point bending tests. Kaiser point can be recognized directly from the stress vs. cumulative AE hits curve. But by the impact of shale’s stratifications and local failure during the tests, strain relaxation occur which makes it difficult to determine the Kaiser point only by the strain vs. acoustic emission curve. An accurate conclusion can be achieved by a comprehensive judgment combing with all test data, as well as the failure mode of rock sample. The research on acoustic emission behavior of rock in the stress state during bending tests to some extend can provide guidance to engineering practice for stability monitoring of mine roof or separation layer with acoustic emission monitoring technology.     

Temperature,ethylene and the postharvest performance of cut snapdragons (Antirrhinum majus)

The effects of temperature and ethylene on the quality of snapdragon flowers (Antirrhinum majus L. cvs. ‘Potomac Pink’ and ‘Rocket’) after harvest were investigated. The flowers were stored dry or wet at 6 temperatures ranging from 0 to 12.5 °C for 5 days. Vase life and gravitropic bending were measured at 20 °C after storage. Respiration rates of flowers at 8 different temperatures (0, 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10, 12.5, 15 and 20 °C) were measured continually using a computerized system. The respiration of cut snapdragon flowers increased exponentially as the temperature increased from 0 to 20 °C, with a mean Q₁₀ of 2.6. The vase life of flowers of the ‘Potomac Pink’ cultivar stored dry at 0 °C was 10.8 days, similar to that of freshly harvested controls (10.6 days), and 4.4 days longer than that of flowers stored at 7.5 °C. When spikes were placed horizontally at 20 °C, growth became negatively gravitropic within 20 min. Bending was significantly higher than controls (stored vertically) in all flowers stored horizontally at temperatures above 5 °C. Vase life of flowers stored for 5 days at a range of temperatures then placed in an interior environment was directly correlated with respiration rate at the storage temperature. Wet storage of cut snapdragon flowers reduced the loss of quality at storage temperatures above 5 °C but the vase life of flowers stored in water at 12.5 °C was less than half that of flowers stored dry at 0 °C. Ethylene treatment caused 100% floret abscission which was prevented by pre-treatment either with 1-methycyclopropene (1-MCP) or with silver thiosulfate (STS), but neither of these inhibitors prevented gravitropic bending.     

对吊钩钩身弯曲应力计算公式的商榷

本文指出了傅文范等著《森林工程机械设计》（绞盘机）中涉及到的关于吊钩钩身弯曲应力公式存在的问题，并根据有关理论，提出比较符合实际的计算吊钩钩身弯曲应力的公式。     

刺槐根系抗弯特性研究

从根径和坡位两方面研究了石质陡边坡刺槐根系的抗弯特性。通过对刺槐根系进行室内单根弯曲试验,分析了不同坡位下坡向侧根的抗弯特性。试验结果表明,根系的抗弯强度与坡位的关系显著,不同坡位抗弯强度关系为:坡顶>坡中>坡底。坡顶和坡底根系的抗弯强度与根径之间存在递增的幂函数关系,而坡中根系抗弯强度与根径之间的关系不显著。弯曲弹性模量与根径存在递减的幂函数关系,在根径大于8mm左右,不同坡位根系弯曲弹性模量大小关系为:坡顶>坡中>坡底。不同坡位根系的最大弯曲力之间差异不显著,最大弯曲力沿着坡面向下呈递减趋势。不同坡位根系的断裂挠度之间差异也不显著,但根系的断裂挠度沿着坡面向下呈递增趋势。综合这些结果,可以发现坡顶根系的抗弯性能最佳,对边坡稳定的贡献较大。     

荷木小径材弯曲工艺

通过对荷木小径材薄板水煮软化工艺的研究 .结果表明该弯曲工艺可行 ,不使用金属钢板时弯曲性能可达 1 /1 7.最佳的工艺条件为 :水煮温度 80°C、水煮时间 1 5min/mm、初含水率2 5% ,并建立了软化工艺参数与试件弯曲质量的数学模型 ,作为实际生产的理论依据     

L型木塑构件结构强度特性的研究

将L型构件简化成L型构件模型,并将其连接看作是半刚性节点,通过最大破坏载荷、角应变、抵抗弯矩、等效弹性模量等指标,分析了不同臂长对木塑L型构件结构强度的影响.研究结果表明:臂长对木塑L型构件结构强度的影响显著,且臂长越短,结构强度越大.臂长对连接结构强度也有较大的影响,臂长在150 mm左右时,连接性能最好.     

带拉杆的U形壳槽槽身横向内力计算有关问题的分析

在U形壳槽横向内力计算中,若不考虑槽底局部加厚对Φ=90°截面内力的影响,则计算所得的该截面弯矩绝对值偏小.温度变化对截面内力的影响较大,特别是温降引起多数截面的弯矩增加,而轴向力减少;温升引起Φ=90°截面弯矩与轴向拉力均增加,再考虑槽底局部加厚的影响,弯矩值还要增加.槽底局部加厚与温度变化的作用均不能忽略不计,否则,内力计算成果值会偏于不安全.用结构力学方法,推导出二者对内力影响的计算公式,并附有应用的算例.     

T型单边焊接接头弯曲疲劳裂纹位置研究

对Q345钢的T型单边焊接接头在弯曲循环载荷下的疲劳裂纹产生位置进行了研究,并计算了结构件的名义循环应力最大位置(不考虑焊接引起的截面变化),实际循环应力最大位置(考虑焊接引起的截面变化)。结果表明:疲劳试验中的名义应力最大位置不能反映焊接结构件的真实应力分布情况,而通过考虑焊接引起的截面变化的理论计算和有限元仿真得出的应力分布较为准确,由此得到的最大应力处为焊趾处,与裂纹位置一致。