采前苯丙噻重氮处理抑制厚皮甜瓜采后挥发性物质的释放

用50 mg/L苯丙噻重氮(BTH)于采前1周喷洒“银帝”甜瓜植株和果实，采收后采用固相微萃取(SPME)结合气-质联用(GC-MS)技术分析果实常温贮藏期间挥发性物质的释放变化。结果表明：BTH处理可明显抑制果实挥发性物质的释放，处理者挥发性物质的释放随贮藏时间的延长而逐渐增加，而对照果实挥发性物质的释放呈单峰形变化，至采后第7 d达到高峰。BTH处理者挥发性物质的释放总量也明显低于对照。此外，BTH处理对10种甜瓜特征成分的释放也存在不同程度的影响。     

Rhizodeposition and net release of soluble organic compounds by pine and beech seedlings inoculated with rhizobacteria and ectomycorrhizal fungi

Summary A lysimetric experiment was performed in a greenhouse to evalute root deposition and net release of soluble organic compounds after 1 and 2 years from pine and beech seedlings inoculated with an ectomycorrhizal fungus (Laccaria laccata) and/or rhizobacteria (Agrobacterium radiobacter for beech and Agrobacterium sp. for pine). Total C compounds released in the rhizosphere of both plants increased after inoculation with the bacteria or ectomycorrhizal fungus. The rhizobacteria increased root and plant growth and rhizodeposition, but the mycorrhizal fungi appeared to increase only root deposition. Soluble C compounds, collected after 2 years, represented only 0.1–0.3% of the total C compounds released into the rhizosphere, and were modified by inoculation with the microorganisms. After inoculation with the bacteria, levels of sugars and amino acids decreased in pine and beech rhizospheres, whereas organic acids increased, especially in the pine rhizosphere. In the rhizosphere of mycorrhizal beeches, sugar and amino acids increased, and organic acids differed from those released from non-mycorrhizal beeches. In the mycorrhizal pine rhizosphere, however, all compounds decreased. Following dual inoculations, mycorrhizal colonization increased, no effect on plant growth was observed, and virtually no organic acids were detected.     

大黄鱼冰藏期间ATP关联物含量变化及其鲜度评价

以养殖大黄鱼为对象，利用高效液相色谱对冰藏期间鱼肉腺苷三磷酸(Adenosine Triphosphate, ATP)关联物含量进行分析，同时结合鱼类鲜度指标(K值)、总挥发性盐基氮(Total Volatile Base Nitrogen, T-VBN)和感官性状的变化对其鲜度进行评价，旨在为大黄鱼冰藏保鲜提供指导。结果表明：冰藏1 d内大黄鱼ATP、腺苷二磷酸(Adenosine Diphosphate, ADP)含量快速下降，此后变化平缓；腺苷酸(Adenosine Monophosp     

Silicon modulates the metabolism and utilization of phenolic compounds in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) grown at excess manganese

Cucumber plants (Cucumis sativus L. cv. Chinese long) were grown in nutrient solution with increasing manganese (Mn) concentrations (0.5, 50, and 100 µM) with (+Si) or without silicon (–Si) supplied as silicic acid at 1.5 mM. High external Mn supply induced both growth inhibition of the whole plant and the appearance of Mn‐toxicity symptoms in the leaves. The application of Si alleviated Mn toxicity by increasing the biomass production. Although the total Mn concentration in the leaves did not differ significantly between +Si and –Si plants, symptoms of Mn toxicity were not observed in Si‐treated plants. The concentrations of phenolic compounds, particularly in the leaf extracts of cucumber plants grown at high external Mn concentrations, differed from those of plants grown without Si. The increased tissue concentrations of phenols (e.g., coniferyl alcohol, coumaric and ferulic acids) were in agreement with enhanced enzymes activities, i.e., peroxidases (PODs) and polyphenol oxidases (PPO) in the tissues of –Si plants. The activities of both enzymes were kept at a lower level in the tissue extracts of +Si plants grown at high external Mn concentrations. These results suggest that Si nutrition modulates the metabolism and utilization of phenolic compounds mainly at the leaf level, most probably as a consequence of the formation of Si‐polyphenol complexes.     

混合金属盐对水稻秸秆热裂解特性的影响

为研究金属盐对水稻秸秆热裂解特性的影响,在Li2CO3-Na2CO3-K2CO3(LNK碳酸盐)中分别添加氯化盐和硫酸盐与水稻秸秆干混,采用热重分析与傅里叶变换红外光谱联用技术(thermogravimetric analyzer coupled with Fourier transform infrared spectrometry,TG-FTIR)研究了水稻秸秆的热裂解过程,并使用Coats-Redfern法计算了热裂解过程的动力学参数。结果表明:在LNK碳酸盐作用下,热裂解的活化能降低。与添加硫酸盐相比,氯化盐作用下热裂解活化能更低,热裂解反应更易进行。与纯水稻秸秆热裂解相比,LNK碳酸盐能使CO、CH4、苯酚、甲苯、甲酸和水等的浓度明显下降,而CO2浓度显著上升。在LNK碳酸盐基础上,氯化盐和硫酸盐均能促进水稻秸秆热裂解产物的生成和逸出。当温度高于550℃时,碳酸盐能催化Boudouard反应,氯化盐和硫酸盐均能促进该反应的进行。其中,Ni Cl2和Co Cl2对该反应的影响尤其明显。研究为生物质资源的高值化利用提供了一定的理论参考。     

硫酸盐镁盐复合侵蚀后混凝土的微观形貌特征

混凝土结构通常受土壤环境水中硫酸盐和镁盐溶液的侵蚀。为了探究硫酸盐和镁盐复合溶液侵蚀后纯水泥混凝土和掺矿粉微粉高性能混凝土的抗侵蚀性能,该研究设计了3个水胶比和2个矿粉掺量,经加水拌合、成型试件1050个,养护28 d后将其分别浸泡于硫酸盐和镁盐溶液中,侵蚀至规定龄期后测试其抗蚀系数、微观形貌。结果表明:水胶比为0.50时,混凝土界面中的孔隙多、孔径大,最大孔径为372.5μm,即使水胶比降低到0.35时,其孔结构的改善也不明显。当纯水泥混凝土试件在SO42-2 500 mg/L和Mg2+1 400 mg/L的硫酸盐镁盐中侵蚀4个月后,其孔隙中充满了Ca SO4·2H2O、3Ca O·Al2O3·3Ca SO4·32H2O(AFt)、Mg(OH)2和Mg O·Si O2·H2O等侵蚀产物,致使混凝土内部产生裂缝,边角处开始出现剥落,甚至变得酥松,表面浆体脱落严重,粗细集料分离等现象。当侵蚀时间超过2月时,其侵蚀系数随侵蚀龄期的延长呈降低的趋势,且均在0.85以下,说明32.5级普通硅酸盐水泥抗硫酸盐镁盐侵蚀的能力是有限的。矿渣微粉掺入后,混凝土界面的孔隙不仅极少,而且孔径也较小,最大孔径分别约为水胶比为0.50时的1/7和1/8,同时也减少了易被侵蚀的水化产物Ca(OH)2的含量,使混凝土界面结构密实程度增加,水胶比越低越明显。在高浓度的硫酸盐和镁盐(SO42-20 250 mg/L和Mg2+2 800 mg/L)的双重强侵蚀12个月后,试件边缘仍未发现侵蚀产物以及Mg SO4·7H2O、Na2SO4·10H2O和Mg2(OH)3Cl·4H2O等晶体,其抗蚀系数仍在0.85以上,未有降低的趋势,表明矿渣微粉的掺入能显著改善32.5级普通硅酸盐水泥所配制高性能混凝土的抗侵蚀性能。该研究可为混凝土在农业灌溉工程(坝基础、闸基础和渠道等)和大棚混凝土基础工程的使用提供数据支撑与理论基础。     

Inhibition of nitrification in soil by heterocyclic nitrogen compounds

Summary The relationship between the structures of diverse heterocyclic nitrogen (N) compounds and the effectiveness of these compounds for the inhibition of nitrification in soil was studied by determining the effects of different amounts of 12 unsubstituted and 33 substituted heterocyclic N compounds on the production of (NO ₂ ^– +NO ₃ ^– )-N in soils incubated at 25 °C for 21 days after treatment with ammonium sulfate. The results showed that unsubstituted heterocyclic N compounds containing two adjacent ring N atoms inhibit nitrification in soil and that two of these compounds, pyrazole and 1,2,4-triazole, are potent inhibitors. They also showed that several substituted pyrazoles and thiadiazoles are good inhibitors of nitrification in soil (e.g., 3-methylpyrazole and 3,4-dichloro-1,2,5-thiadiazole).     

Degradation of organotin compounds in organic and mineral forest soils

Broad industrial application of organotin compounds (OTC) leads to their release into the environment. OTC are deposited from the atmosphere into forest ecosystems and may accumulate in soils. Here, we studied the degradation of methyltin and butyltin compounds in a forest floor, a mineral, and a wetland soil with incubation experiments at 20 °C in the dark. OTC degraded slowly in soils with half‐lives estimated from 0.5 to 15 years. The first order degradation rate constants of OTC in soils ranged from 0.05 to 1.54 yr^–1. The degradation rates in soils were generally in the order mono‐ ≥ di‐ > tri‐substituted OTC. Stepwise dealkylation was observed in all cases of di‐substituted OTC, but only in some cases of tri‐substituted OTC. Decomposition rates of OTC in the forest floor were higher than in wetland and mineral soils. Tetramethyltin in the gas phase was not detected, suggesting little tin methylation in the wetland soils. Slow degradation of OTC in soils might lead to long‐term storage of atmospherically deposited OTC in soils.     

香气提取方法对绿茶主要生化成分的影响

分别对同时蒸馏萃取法（SDE法）、顶空吸附法（HSA法）和减压蒸馏萃取法（VDE法）提取绿茶香气后茶汤的主要生化成分进行了分析研究。结果表明：香气提取方法不同程度地影响绿茶和速溶绿茶主要生化成分的含量，其中SDE法和HSA法的影响较大，SDE法引起儿茶素异构和降解，HSA法影响可溶性单糖和游离氨基酸的含量，但VDE法对绿茶主要生化成分的影响较小，感官审评结果也表明，经SDE法提取香气后的茶汤已完全没有原休的滋味，其次是HSA法，而VDE法提取香气后的茶汤尚有茶的滋味。