Dynamics of arsenic-containing compounds sorption on sediments

Background  River and lake sediments constitute complex and difficult analytical samples. On the other hand, sediments play a fundamental role in the distribution of toxic compounds in aquatic systems and in the evaluation of the current state and the course of changes taking place in the environment. Among elements present in the environment in trace concentrations, but having well-elaborated toxic properties, one of most dangerous is arsenic. The element occurs in the environment in several chemical forms, predominant are inorganic forms of As(V) and As(III), and methylated forms such as monomethylarsonic acid (MMAA) and dimethylarsinic acid (DMAA). Objectives  Reported herein are experiments, which were undertaken with the aim of examining the dynamics of arsenic sorption in sediments and its dependence on speciation of the element and the pH in the environment. Simultaneously, influence of organic matter content and chemical composition of the sediments on As sorption, were investigated. Methods  Sediment samples (upper 10 cm layer) were collected from three sites located in the vicinity of Cracow:

土壤和沉积物中烃类污染物的主要来源与识别标志

土壤、沉积物中烃类污染物的来源十分复杂,其输入方式主要包括矿物油直接输入、大气颗粒物沉降、通过水介质输入、工业固体废弃物、城市垃圾和生活废弃物排放及天然有机质生物化学降解产物等。不同来源的烃类污染物组成上存在一定的差别,可根据这些差别判识环境中烃类污染物的来源。介绍了不同污染源的烃类污染物中正构烷烃、类异戊间二烯烷烃、单甲基取代支链烷烃、烷基环己烷、甾萜烷烃及芳香烃类化合物的组成与分布特征,综合评述了不同污染源的分子标志物特征及主要识别标志。     

Activated carbon amendments to soil alters nitrification rates in Scots pine forests

The influence of charcoal on biotic processes in soils remains poorly understood. Charcoal is a natural product of wildfires that burned on a historic return interval of ∼100 years in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) forests of northern Sweden. Fire suppression and changes in forest stand management have resulted in a lack of charcoal production in these ecosystems. It is thought that charcoal may alter N mineralization and nitrification rates, however, previous studies have not been conclusive. Replicated field studies were conducted at three late-succession field sites in northern Sweden and supporting laboratory incubations were conducted using soil humus collected from these sites. We used activated carbon (AC), as a surrogate for natural-occurring fire-produced charcoal. Two rates of AC (0 and 2000 kg ha⁻¹), and glycine (0 and 100 kg N as glycine ha⁻¹) were applied in factorial combination to field microplots in a randomized complete block pattern. Net nitrification, N mineralization, and free phenol concentrations were measured using ionic and non-ionic resin capsules, respectively. These same treatments and also two rates of birch leaf litter (0 and 1000 kg ha⁻¹) were applied in a laboratory incubation and soils from this incubation were extracted with KCl and analyzed for NH₄⁺ and NO₃⁻. Nitrification rates increased with AC amendments in laboratory incubations, but this was not supported by field studies. Ammonification rates, as measured by NH₄⁺ accumulation on ionic resins, were increased considerably by glycine applications, but some NH₄⁺ was apparently lost to surface sorption to the AC. Phenolic accumulation on non-ionic resin capsules was significantly reduced by AC amendments. We conclude that charcoal exhibits important characteristics that affect regulating steps in the transformation and cycling of N.     

热脱附-气质联机法测试挥发性有机物的解析条件研究

采用热脱附-气质联机法测试空气中挥发性有机物,对热脱附仪工作时的解析温度、解析时间、载气流速及冷阱温度等条件进行分析比较,得出最优化的热解析条件,以提高分析准确度,降低检出限。     

Change in translucency of squid mantle muscle upon storage

ABSTRACT:   Change in the translucency of squid mantle muscle during itsstorage at 0°C was studied by monitoring L* valueand turbidity. Two indicators showed that squid mantle muscle lostits translucency and reached maximal turbidity within 24 hof storage. Thickness of mantle muscle also increased by 15% in12 h, earlier than the loss of translucency. ATP contentdecreased with storage time and was completely lost in almost 24 h,a similar period to translucency loss, but later than rigor contraction.Development of black color on skin surface by chromatophores wasfully achieved in 24 h. It was thus concluded that ATPcontent was well correlated with a loss of translucency or increasein the turbidity of mantle muscle and development of dark coloron the surface skin of mantle.     

苯系化合物在硝酸盐还原条件下的生物降解性能

运用驯化的反硝化混合菌群进行了苯系化合物(BTEX)的厌氧降解试验.结果表明,混合菌群能够在反硝化条件下有效降解苯、甲苯、乙苯、邻二甲苯、间二甲苯和对二甲苯.BTEX的降解规律符合底物抑制的Monod模型,当初始浓度小于50mg·L^-1时,6种受试基质的厌氧降解速率顺序为:甲苯>乙苯>间二甲苯>邻二甲苯>对二甲苯>苯.整个试验过程中NO₃^-的消耗与苯、甲苯、乙苯、邻二甲苯、间二甲苯及对二甲苯生物降解之间的摩尔比分别为:9.47,9.26,1     

不同架式栽培的玫瑰香葡萄成熟期挥发性物质的变化

 以7年生棚架和篱架栽培模式下的玫瑰香葡萄为试材, 采用气相色谱—质谱联机分析了挥发性物质成分相对含量在成熟期的变化。结果表明, 随着采收期推迟, 两种栽培模式下葡萄的酯类物质相对含量均明显增加, 酮醛类化合物相对含量减少, 萜类物质总的相对含量也有下降趋势; 不同形态萜类物质相对含量比例因采收时间不同而有差异, 前期结合态比例明显高于游离态, 后期两者比例相当。篱架葡萄成熟后期酯类物质相对含量高于棚架, 而酮醛类物质和萜类物质相对含量低于棚架。桉叶油素主要以结合态存在, β - 月桂烯则主要以游离态存在, 两种物质在棚架葡萄上的相对含量明显高于篱架。     

天然抗氧化剂茶多酚在食品保鲜上的应用——方便面保鲜试验研究

摘要 通过天然抗氧化剂茶多酚对方便面抗氧化保鲜的实验室小试和工厂生产试验,分析了茶多酚的抗氧化特性及优选抗氧化工艺,结果表明:茶多酚对方便面抗氧化效果明显.食品因性质和加工工艺的不同,只有在一定浓度范围内才能起到抗氧化作用.从方便面的加工工艺、质量指标、经济效益等综合考虑,茶多酚的添加量以50ppm为宜.