三七连作土壤对其种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

为明确三七连作的障碍效应,以不同连作年限及不同空间分布的土壤为基质,通过发芽和幼苗生长试验,研究了连作土壤对三七种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响。结果表明:①与新土相比,连作土壤处理下三七种子萌发的最大速度加快,种子的发芽势变化不大,而发芽率、发芽指数和快速发芽期则明显呈降低或变短的趋势;②随土壤连作年限的增加,三七幼苗的成苗率和株高均显著下降(p0.05);③与根区外土相比,根区土和根区下土显著降低了三七种子的发芽势、发芽率和发芽指数,对种子萌发的最大速度也呈降低作用,但却使三七幼苗的地上生物量明显增加。连作土壤对三七种子的萌发及幼苗的生长均表现明显的障碍效应,化感(自毒)作用可能是造成三七连作障碍的原因之一。     

白车轴草对冬季富营养化水体总磷净化效果研究

冬季是大多数水生植物处于衰亡的时期,植物资源匮乏,不利于植物对富营养化水体的周年净化,因此筛选适合于水生的旱生植物来修复富营养化水体是生态修复的发展方向。采用水盆浮板栽培技术,首次研究了白车轴草(Tri-folium repens Linn.)在冬季对成都犀池富营养化人工湖泊中主要元素磷的净化效果及动态过程,并与凤眼莲(Eichhorniacrassipes Solms.)的净化效果进行了对比。结果表明,浮板白车轴草在试验期间生长良好,对富营养化水体中总磷具有非常明显的净化效果,当投放量为1.25 g/L时,对总磷的去除率48 d内可达80%,并且重复性好,对总磷的去除过程拟合曲线符合三次方程。与凤眼莲相比较,白车轴草在冬季更易存活且对磷的净化效果更佳。     

壬基酚对中华大蟾蜍蝌蚪的毒性效应

为评价水体中低浓度壬基酚（NP）对中华大蟾蜍（Bufo bufogargarizans）蝌蚪的毒性效应,采用室内饲养、测定方法,研究了NP在不同暴露时间（8、16、24、32d）,不同浓度（0.002、0.005、0.010mg·L-1）条件下,对蝌蚪生长发育、过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性、丙二醛（MDA）含量和DNA损伤的影响。结果表明：暴露于0.010mg·L-1NP的蝌蚪,其生长发育被极显著抑制（P〈0.01）;CAT活性在两个较低浓度组（0.002、0.005mg·L-1）表现为先诱导后恢复,在0.010mg·L-1浓度组表现为诱导-恢复-诱导（P〈0.05）;MDA含量在两个较低浓度组（0.002、0.005mg·L-1）持续升高（P〈0.05）,呈明显的时间-效应关系;各处理组DNA损伤水平均显著高于对照组（P〈0.05）,但随暴露时间的延长而有所下降,具有一定的剂量-效应关系。总之,即使水体中的NP符合灌溉标准,也可能抑制蝌蚪的生长发育,并对其造成氧化损伤和遗传损伤。     

石灰及其后效对玉米吸收重金属影响的田间实例研究

通过田间试验方法,研究了在铅锌矿废水污染的土壤上施用石灰1 a后,继续施用石灰和石灰后效处理对后续第1、2季低累积玉米（Zea mays）的产量以及重金属Cd、Pb、Zn和Cu含量的影响,并分析了土壤pH、土壤DTPA提取态重金属含量和土壤重金属全量的变化。结果表明,连续施用石灰和石灰后效均显著提高玉米产量,其中连续施用石灰处理效果最佳,第1季籽粒产量是对照（无石灰）的6倍,第2季是对照的3.8倍。与对照相比,连续施用石灰处理显著降低了2季玉米籽粒Cd、Pb、Zn和Cu含量,石灰后效只能降低第2季玉米茎叶Cd、Pb和Cu含量,而籽粒Cd、Pb含量与对照相比略有升高,说明石灰后效能维持一年半左右。对照处理土壤Cd和Zn全量显著低于石灰处理,可能是土壤中Cd和Zn随着雨水的淋洗向下层迁移造成的。施用石灰可防止Cd和Zn对地下水的污染。     

三开门自动温室气体测定箱的应用效果

为了降低农田自动温室气体测定箱在观测过程中对作物生长环境及作物生长的干扰,本研究在玉米大田环境条件下比较了一种新型的三开门自动温室气体测定箱与传统单开门自动温室气体测定箱对环境空气温湿度、土壤温度与水分、玉米生长以及温室气体排放的影响。结果表明：三开门温室气体测定箱能显著减小与大田环境条件下的空气温度、湿度及土壤温度的差异;相对于单开门箱,三开门箱在箱体打开及关闭条件下气温平均低0.90和0.74℃,空气湿度平均增加1.36%和降低5.69%;在玉米小喇叭口期前土壤温度约降低2℃,小喇叭口期后差异不显著;对土壤水分的影响在玉米苗期有一定的作用,但差异不显著;三开门箱相对于单开门箱能显著降低箱体对作物生长的影响,还能降低CO2平均通量值6.85%及N2O的平均通量值3.68%,而对CH4平均通量值基本无影响。因此,三开门箱相对于传统单开门自动温室气体测定箱能显著减小测定箱对观测环境及作物生长的干扰,应用这种箱体观测能更好地反映田间温室气体排放状况。     

基于“3414”模型研究宁夏盐池县玉米氮磷钾施肥效应

2008年在盐池县具有代表性的土壤类型上进行了玉米＂3414＂试验,结果表明：地力贡献率为54.84%,说明土壤属于中等肥力。N、P、K对玉米产量影响大小顺序为N〉P〉K,增产效果居首位的为氮肥,施用纯N 240 kg/hm2的增产效应达到2 751.45 kg/hm2;P肥的增产幅度次之,施用纯P 120 kg/hm2的增产效应达到1 023.45 kg/hm;施用纯K 75kg/hm2的增产效应为236.7 kg/hm2。在不同肥料的交互作用中,N×P的交互作用对产量影响最大,N×P〉N×K〉P×K。施氮（N）量为360 kg/hm2,施磷量（P）为107.81 kg/hm2,施钾量（K）为4.30 kg/hm2时,玉米产量最高为7 652.23 kg/hm2。玉米产量与N、P、K肥料效应回归模型为三元二次多项式回归模型,经显著性检验达到极显著水平,可以为玉米生产施肥提供借鉴。     

三峡库区生态环境效应研究进展

随着三峡工程的全面竣工,三峡库区已进入正常蓄水运行阶段,三峡工程对三峡库区生态环境带来了广泛而深远的影响。本文通过文献计量学方法统计了近20年来三峡库区生态环境效应研究的国内外文献,分析了目前三峡库区生态环境效应研究文献的主要分布特征,得出库区生态环境效应主要研究领域及主要研究内容。在此基础上,对三峡库区生态环境效应具体研究内容及进展进行详细阐述。首先,文章对三峡工程蓄水前后产生的最直接的生态环境变化,即库区土地利用变化的研究进展进行分析;接下来,对库区土地利用变化所引起的生态环境效应,包括气候、土壤、水环境、生物多样性等生态环境因子的研究进展展开评述;然后对上述生态环境因子变化最终所带来的生态环境质量和生态系统服务变化进行探讨;最后提出当前库区生态环境效应研究中存在的一些问题与不足,同时给出相关方面的研究展望:建议在今后的研究中更加注重生态环境效应的动态研究,建立长期观测数据库,结合宏观与微观研究,综合评价库区生态环境。     

电解质阴离子和pH对可变电荷土壤硫酸盐吸附的影响

The effects of three electrolyte anions, ionic strength and pH on the adsorption of sulfate by two variable charge soils, with different surface charge properties were studied. Under the conditions of the same pH and ionic strength the effect of electrolyte anions on the adsorption of sulfate was in the order of Cl^- > NO₃^- > ClO₄^-, indicating the difference of the nature among these three anions. For Ferralsol in the same concentration of chloride and perchloride solutions, the two sulfate adsorption-pH curves could intersect at certain pH value. When pH was higher than the intersecting point, more sulfate was adsorbed in the perchloride solution, while when it was lower than the intersecting point, more sulfate was adsorbed in the chloride solution. In different concentrations of electrolyte solution, the curves of the amount of oxy-acid anion adsorbed, which changed with pH, could intersect at a certain pH, which is termed point of zero salt effect (PZSE) on adsorption. The nature of electrolyte anions influenced obviously the appearance of PZSE for sulfate adsorption. For ferralsol the curves of adsorption converged to about pH 7 in NaCl solution seemed to intersect in NaNO₃ solution and to have a typical PZSE for sulfate adsorption in NaClO₄ solution. For Acrisol the three curves of adsorption were nearly parallel in NaCl and NaNO₃ solutions and converged to pH 6.5 in NaClO₄ solution.     

Comparison of the difference method and 15N technique for studying the fate of nitrogen from plant residues in soil

We compared the dynamics of net mineralization of nitrogen (N) derived from white clover material (Ndfc) as measured by the difference and the ¹⁵N methods in a pot experiment with a sandy loam (15°C and pF 2.4) planted with Italian ryegrass. On day 22, mineralized Ndfc (soil mineral N plus plant N uptake) was 5.8% and 1.3% of added N for the ¹⁵N and the difference methods, respectively. The discrepancy was reduced on day 43. On day 64, the relationship was reversed, and on day 98 the values given by the two methods were 22.8% and 29.5%, respectively. The results obtained by the two methods were linearly correlated (r = 0.987) and, on average, did not differ significantly. Nevertheless, the different temporal patterns led to appreciably different parameter values as estimated by fitting of a reparameterized Richards model. On day 22, clover amendment reduced mineralized N derived from soil (Ndfs) by 3.4 mg N pot^–1. The reason for this was that the clover amendment led to a reduction in plant growth and uptake of Ndfs, most likely because of allelopathy, while mineral Ndfs did not increase correspondingly. Clover-induced Ndfs in the microbial biomass of 5.1 mg N pot^–1 suggested that the mineral Ndfs not taken up by plants had been reimmobilized. Towards the end of the experiment, clover-induced Ndfs in the biomass declined to 1.5 mg N pot^–1, while mineralized Ndfs due to clover amendment increased to 5.1 mg N pot^–1. The results strongly suggested that this increase was caused by a real stimulation of humus N mineralization by clover amendment rather than by isotope displacement or pool substitution. Received: 5 May 1997     

不同土地利用类型土壤侵蚀量的坡度效应

 研究不同土地利用类型土壤侵蚀量的坡度效应,以便为退耕还林及坡耕地水保措施提供依据。根据上舍河小流域2000年55场有效降雨资料,对不同土地利用类型(坡耕地、杉木林地)次降雨地表径流量、径流侵蚀模数与坡度、降雨量、降雨强度、植被盖度等影响因子进行相关分析。结果表明:坡耕地、杉木林地的次降雨地表径流量、地表径流侵蚀模数与坡度、降雨量、降雨强度、植被盖度等相关显著。在一定坡度范围内,坡耕地的次降雨地表径流量和径流侵蚀模数,随着坡度的增大而增加,而杉木林分的次降雨地表径流量和径流侵蚀模数,随着坡度的增加而降低。