β-环糊精与薄荷精油包合物的制备及综合热分析

[目的]制备β-环糊精与薄荷精油包合物。[方法]用水饱和法制备β-环糊精与薄荷精油包合物,并采用综合热分析法对β-环糊精包合物进行研究。采用正交试验法研究包合物的最佳制备工艺。[结果]确认了包合物的形成,而且说明由于β-环糊精的包合作用,薄荷精油的热稳定性显著提高。正交法筛选了其最佳制备工艺：薄荷精油与环糊精的投料比为1∶6,加水量为60 ml,温度为60℃,搅拌时间为45 min。[结论]水饱和法制备β-环糊精与薄荷精油包合物工艺简单可行。     

土壤·河流和水库沉积物对磷吸附特性的研究

[目的]以赋石水库和上游河道沉积物以及流域内代表性土壤3组共9个样品为对象来研究上覆水体磷浓度和pH的变化对沉积物和土壤对磷吸附的影响。[方法]采用室内模拟与模型预测。[结果]3组样品对磷的吸附量均随浓度的升高而增加,并达到平衡状态,用Langmuir方程能较好地拟合磷等温吸附过程。磷最大吸附量大小顺序为土壤>水库沉积物>河道沉积物。水库和河道沉积物的吸附/解吸平衡浓度均大于其上浮水体TP浓度。它们向水体释放磷,起污染"源"的作用。样品对上覆水pH有较强的缓冲性。上覆水pH在3～11时,平衡溶液pH在微酸到微碱之间,在1和13时为强酸和强碱性。上覆水pH在3～9时,样品均吸附磷,但对各个样品的影响较小,在1.62和10.53时样品对磷的吸附量为0,低于1.62和高于10.53时沉积物释放磷,且释放量随酸性和碱性的增强而增加。[结论]通过加强水土保持力度,改善土壤质地,增强土壤抗蚀力和对营养物质的吸持力,达到控制水土流失和营养物质流失的目的,并最终起到改善流域内水体质量的目的。     

不同增温保温苗床对烤烟壮苗效果研究

[目的]研究不同增温保温苗床对烤苗生长的影响。[方法]设覆盖保温、覆盖+酿热方式处理,以常规苗池为对照,采用随机区组设计,重复3次。对烟苗生长过程中的各个生长情况进行跟踪观察及数据的记录,评估各处理的增温效果。[结果]相对于对照组,覆盖方式保温全育苗期有少量增温,具有一定的增温效果,可以增加苗床有效积温;相对于对照组,覆盖+酿热方式增温保温处理在育苗前期增温效果明显,随着生育期的推进增温效果降低但仍然保有相当的增温效果;通过对烟苗整体素质的记录整理可知,覆盖+酿热方式烟苗生长较快,烟苗较大,壮苗率较高,但如果生长过快,在育苗后期无法对其生长进行控制将会导致烟苗徒长,最终烟苗生长过大;覆盖方式保温烟苗较对照组有一定的优势,但壮苗效果没有覆盖+酿热方式增温保温处理明显。[结论]该研究可为烤烟科学育苗技术提供参考。     

户用小型沼气采暖锅炉的设计计算

在高寒地区农户仅将沼气作为炊事用能,冬季采暖方式主要还以直接燃烧秸秆、薪柴等生物质为主。为了实现冬季取暖和炊事都利用沼气,设计小型户用沼气锅炉,并参照大中型锅炉的设计方法,提出适用于小型户用沼气锅炉的热力计算方法。通过理论计算和选取相应参数,利用炉膛出口温度和排烟温度先假设与后校核的方法,对沼气锅炉辐射换热面和对流换热面进行理论设计计算,并设计出沼气锅炉的整体结构。通过试验对锅炉性能进行测试,平均热效率为92.76%,完全符合锅炉的设计要求。     

含氟废水深度处理的研究

以火力发电厂的废树脂为载体 ,制备了负载锆水合氧化物的氟离子吸附树脂 ,并探讨了该负载树脂对氟离子的吸附和脱附性能 .结果表明 :制备该负载树脂的适宜锆浓度为 0 5mol L ,负载树脂吸附和脱附的适宜pH值分别为4 0和 12 0 .该负载树脂的吸附符合Langmuir型吸附等温线 ,通过这种等温线可以得出 ,CF- =1mg L时负载树脂的平衡吸附量qe 为 5 0 0 0mg L .利用该负载树脂对模拟火电厂的含氟废水进行处理 ,取得了较好的效果 .     

农杆菌介导的转高赖氨酸蛋白基因（sb401）水稻T4代分析

通过农杆菌介导的方法用富赖氨酸蛋白基因（sb401）转化粳稻品种日本晴,获得了独立的10个转化株系,对转化株系进行连续自交,通过筛选得到9个纯合的T4代转化株系。 Southern blotting分析发现,整合位点是随机的,并为低拷贝（1~3个）。TAI-PCR扩增得到8个T-DNA侧翼序列,并定位于日本晴的7条染色体上。蛋白质和氨基酸测定分析发现,sb401基因对各株系的蛋白质、赖氨酸和其他氨基酸组分的提高起到了一定的作用。将杂交结果与T-DNA插入位置结合分析发现,在低拷贝的情况下,表达量的差异不明显。     

Thermal preference and tolerance of green abalone Haliotis fulgens (Philippi, 1845) and pink abalone Haliotis corrugata (Gray, 1828)

The thermoregulatory behaviour of green abalone Haliotis fulgens and pink abalone H. corrugata was investigated. Haliotis fulgens juveniles ranging in wet weight from 3.0 to 3.3 g and from 28.7 to 30.5 mm shell length and of H. corrugata 2.0 g and 25.7 mm in shell length were exposed to 19°C for 30 days in a flow‐through water system. Temperature preference was determined in a horizontal thermal gradient and was found to be 25.4°C for green abalone and 25.0°C for pink abalone. Displacement velocity was 4.3 cm h⁻¹ for H. fulgens and 12.8 cm h⁻¹ for H. corrugata. The optimum temperature for growth calculated for both abalone species was 24.6 and 24.5°C respectively. The critical thermal maxima (CTMax) of H. fulgens and H. corrugata were determined as a measure of thermal tolerance. Abalones were subjected to increasing water temperatures at a rate of 1°C on 30 min until they detached from the substrate. The CTMax at 50% were 33.6 and 32.0°C for green and pink abalone respectively. The results are discussed in relation to site selection and commercial rearing.     

Effect of thermal stress on Hsp70 gene expression and female reproductive performance of giant freshwater prawn,Macrobrachium rosenbergii

Using Hsp70 as a biomarker, thermal stress impinges on reproductive organs, ovary and hepatopancreas were being analyzed by determining the expression of Hsp70 mRNA inside the organs after the adult inter‐molt females were subjected to thermal treatment at 35, 30 and 28°C (Control). Results showed the expression of Hsp70 mRNA under thermal treatment of 35°C after 2 hr recovery in ovary were upregulated at 2, 4, 6, 12, 24 hr and 30 days compared to control whereas in hepatopancreas under similar treatment, the expression of Hsp70 mRNA were significantly higher than control at 6, 24 hr and 30 days. Frequency of reproductive molt at 35°C showed the ovary of females were failed to develop and only entered common molt along three consecutive molt cycles. For 30°C thermal treatment, the expression of Hsp70 mRNA was significantly higher than control after 2 hr recovery but returned to normal afterwards until 30 days’ thermal treatment. Maternal heat shock for 2 hr at 35°C were found to give significantly lower frequency of reproductive molt and longer duration of ovarian development and incubation period whereas maternal heat shock for 2 hr at 30°C gave lower frequency of reproductive molt, slower development of embryo and lower hatching success compared to untreated control. This study suggests that short and long‐term thermal stress at 30 and 35°C were found to affect the induction of Hsp70 mRNA in reproductive organs of Macrobrachium rosenbergii and also influence their reproductive performance.     

Enhanced kernel set promoted by synchronous pollination determines a tradeoff between kernel number and kernel weight in temperate maize hybrids

Maize (Zea mays L.) grain yield is strongly related to the number of harvested kernels, where kernel number can be increased by synchronously pollinating silks rather than allowing them to be progressively pollinated as they naturally appear from the husks. However, there is scarce evidence on how this practice affects kernel weight (KW) and plant grain yield (PGY), and no report exists on its effects when combined with treatments aimed to reduce apical dominance, like male sterility and detasseling. Field experiments were conducted in two growing seasons (Exp₁ and Exp₂) using two hybrids, cropped at contrasting stand densities (3 and 9 plants per m²) and including (i) male-fertile and male-sterile versions, (ii) tasseled and detasseled plants, and (iii) natural (NP) and synchronous pollination (SP; pollen added manually to ears bagged 5 days after initial silking) systems. Tassel growth of sterile and fertile versions was also evaluated in a separate experiment (Exp₃). Detasseling increased the number of ears per plant reaching silking (P < 0.001) of NP plants, but this beneficial effect of reduced apical dominance did not improve kernel number per plant (KNP) or PGY. Similarly, the early arrest of anther growth in male-sterile plants had no clear benefit on KNP. In contrast, KNP was enhanced by synchronous pollination (range between −13% and +71%; average of +15.4% in Exp₁ and +3.9% in Exp₂). However, this pollination system promoted a decreased in KW (range between −30% and +4%; average of −11.8% in Exp₁ and −7.8 in Exp₂) such that the treatment had no effect on PGY (range between −19% and +37%; average of +1% in Exp₁ and −4% in Exp₂). Because plant growth rate around flowering was not different between pollination treatments, assimilate availability per kernel was reduced from ovary fertilization onwards in synchronously pollinated plants when compared to open pollinated plants. This explains the reduced KW when increasing KNP by synchronous pollination. In summary, none of the imposed treatments allowed grain yield to be increased at the plant level.     

太阳能辅助闭式热源塔热泵系统冬季制热性能

热源塔热泵系统以空气为冷热源,在冬季制热时其性能会随环境温度的降低而降低。为此研发了可应用陕南地区农村建筑的太阳能辅助闭式热源塔热泵系统,试验研究了冬季工况下系统的制热性能,初步分析了太阳热能与空气热能的互补机理。研究结果表明:系统制热量范围为12.1～15.2 k W,热泵机组性能系数范围为2.3～3.5,系统能效比范围为1.5～2.4,供热温度高于41℃;冷却水温度对压缩机耗电量的影响程度大于防冻溶液温度,冷却水平均温度每升高1℃,压缩要耗电量增加98.1 W,而防冻溶液平均温度每升高1℃,压缩机耗电量减小9.5 W;太阳能辅助热源塔热泵制热模式下,热泵机组通过改变防冻溶液与空气和集热工质换热温差的方法来改变防冻溶液从空气和集热水箱中的吸热量,以实现空气热能与太阳热能的互补。建议在实际应用中应避免供热温度过高以减小压缩机耗电;在集热水箱温度较高时通过降低风机频率减小风机耗电以提高系统综合能效,但应避免风机低频率工作可能给机组安全运行带来的隐患。