生物炭对北方寒区农田土壤热性能参数的影响

为揭示生物炭对土壤热特性参数的影响规律,以施加不同生物炭的北方寒区农田土壤为研究对象,设置土壤含水率水平分别为0%、8%、16%、24%、32%、40%,利用ISOMET2114型热性能分析仪,测定土壤在15～-15℃温度范围内导热率、热扩散率和体积热容量的变异特征,探究生物炭调控作用下土壤热特性参数对水热环境的响应机理。研究结果表明:在冻结与非冻结状态下,随土壤含水率增加,土壤导热率、体积热容量和热扩散率均表现出增大趋势,在3℃条件下,生物炭含量为0 t/hm2、含水率为24%和32%时,土壤导热率相对于含水率为16%时分别增加0. 141 4、0. 580 5 W/(m·K)。随生物炭含量增加,土壤导热率和热扩散率呈降低趋势,体积热容量在非冻结情况下呈降低趋势,在冻结情况下则呈增大趋势,在-3℃条件下,含水率为32%、生物炭含量为4 t/hm2和6 t/hm2时,土壤体积热容量相对于0 t/hm2水平分别增加0. 16、0. 20 J/(cm3·K)。土壤导热率与含水率呈对数函数关系,土壤体积热容量与含水率呈线性函数关系,土壤热扩散率与含水率呈二次函数关系。本研究结果可为准确描述北方寒区农田土壤热性能和生物炭改良土壤技术提供理论依据。     

小尺度双网格荷电雾化燃烧器热损失特性研究

以无水乙醇为燃料,运用荷电雾化技术,实验研究了锥-射流喷雾模式下双网格燃烧器的燃烧与热损失特性。结果表明,在当量比Φ为0.85~1.40区间内燃烧稳定,圆形片状火焰附着于燃烧网格附近,火焰直径与燃烧器内径相当。火焰温度、燃烧效率均随当量比的增大先上升后下降,在当量比Φ=1时分别达到最大值1 197.38 K、93.26%。尾气温度随当量比的增大而降低,壁面热损失随当量比增大而增加。壁面热损失与燃料完全燃烧释放热量比例为27.25%~33.08%,其中辐射热损失略高于对流热损失。燃烧器热效率在当量比Φ≤1下可达69%。双网格燃烧器可实现小尺度条件下液体乙醇的良好喷雾、蒸发与燃烧。     

长期施肥对红壤磷组分及活性酸的影响

以12年的红壤长期肥力监测定位试验不同处理土壤为材料,研究了连续施肥对土壤磷组分、土壤对磷吸附解吸、土壤活性酸铝的影响。连续施用化学磷肥和化肥加有机肥,均可提高土壤全磷、无机磷数量。施用有机肥料,土壤中的磷以Ca-P和Al-P积累为主要表现形式,化学磷肥的施用能够提高土壤的全磷,并以Al-P增幅为最大,在所有处理中均表现为土壤O-P相对稳定。有机肥料处理土壤对外源磷的吸附强度明显少于施用化学磷肥和不施用磷肥的处理,有机肥料能够显著提高吸附磷的再利用,在NPKM处理中解吸磷占吸附磷的47.72%,M处理中占42.89%,其它处理中解吸磷占吸附磷数量一般少于8%。MNPK、M处理的PFI为2.51、2.69比N、NP处理4.53、4.37明显降低。在红壤旱地长期施用化学肥料,土壤交换性酸铝成倍增加,土壤酸化严重;施用有机肥料、有机肥料与化学肥料配合施用,土壤交换酸铝表现稳定。     

Performance analysis of a concentrating solar hybrid photovoltaic thermal system

The photovoltaic components of a hybrid photovoltaic thermal (PV/T) system are combined with a solar thermal collector, which generates both thermal and electrical energy simultaneously with a higher integrated efficiency. A three dimensional steady model of the concentrating solar PV/T system which has a plate type metallic thermal collector with a serpentine rectangular channel is developed. The processes of photovoltaic and thermal transformation and heat transfer in the PV/T collector are calculated and simulated. The effects of the optical concentrating ratio, coolant mass flow rate, ambient air velocity and glass cover on both thermal and electrical performance of the collector are presented and discussed.     

乙烯脱除剂处理对杏果实常温贮藏品质的影响

以新疆库买提杏果实为试材,研究了常温（25℃）条件下乙烯脱除剂处理对杏果实贮藏品质的影响。结果表明,乙烯脱除剂处理可有效降低杏果实贮藏前期的呼吸及乙烯释放速率,减缓细胞膜透性、MDA的上升及VC含量的下降速度,减少贮藏期内营养物质的消耗,延长杏果实的贮藏保鲜期,但贮藏5天后效果不明显。     

不完全分形多孔介质热导率模型

将多孔介质的物理构成分为具有分形结构的团聚体集合和不具有分形特性的固相和孔隙相,建立了简化单元体模型解释其微观结构。结合多孔介质在干燥过程中热量守恒定律和傅里叶导热定律导出了材料总有效热导率模型。此模型无经验常数,每一个参数都有物理意义。研究结果表明,有效热导率与迂曲分形维数、面积分形维数、孔隙率和热风温度呈反比,与热风速率和时间呈正比。     

热泵干燥南美白对虾品质特性与玻璃化转变关系研究

针对南美白对虾热泵干燥过程中常出现物理、化学反应导致虾肉品质下降,而其机理又尚未明确的问题,采用静态称量法研究了南美白对虾肉的解吸等温线,利用差示扫描量热仪测定了虾肉的玻璃化转变温度(Tg)。分别采用GAB模型与Gordon-Taylor方程拟合水分吸附与Tg数据。虾肉在热泵干燥温度35℃、风速1.5 m/s下进行干燥,每隔1.0 h取样,分析虾肉品质特性(色泽、收缩程度、硬度与韧性和虾青素质量比)。基于玻璃化转变理论,阐明虾肉热泵干燥品质变化机制。结果表明,虾肉热泵干燥过程中,基质处于橡胶态,体系流动性增加,导致干制品品质下降。     

一种复合保温覆盖材料研制和应用试验初报

研制了一种替代草帘的日光温室夜间外覆盖的新型保温材料。这是一种复合材料,隔热保温性优于草帘;质地轻,卷放省力、省工;防水、较耐用;价格适当;洁净光滑,不损伤沾污棚模。经二年在多点应用,普遍反映良好。     

黄土性土壤在连续液流条件下吸附、解吸磷酸根的动力学研究

采用连续液流法研究了黄土性土壤吸附,解吸磷酸根的动力学性质。结果表明：（１）供试土壤对磷酸根的吸附,解吸扫速率可分为快,中,慢三种反应类型;（２）描述吸附,解吸反应的最优模型均为Ｅｌｏｖｉｃｈ方程,最差模型分别为一级反应方程及双常数方程,拟合差的模型对反应速率变化“敏感”,可用于反应类型划分和机理研究;（３）粘粒含量及代换量对吸附速率有著影响,游离铁对吸附速率,ＣａＣＯ３对较低温度下的吸附及较高温     

The effect of soil flooding on the transformation of Fe oxides and the adsorption/desorption behavior of phosphate

As repeatedly reported, soil flooding improves the availability of P to rice. This is in contrast with an increased P sorption in paddy soils. The effects of soil flooding on the transformation of Fe oxides and the adsorption/desorption of P of two paddy soils of Zhejiang Province in Southeast‐China were studied in anaerobic incubation experiments (submerging with water in N₂ atmosphere). Soil flooding significantly increased oxalate‐extractable Fe (Fe_ox), mainly at the expense of dithionite‐soluble Fe (Fe_DCB), as well as oxalate‐extractable P (P_ox), but decreased the ratio of P_ox/Fe_ox. Flooding largely increased both, P adsorption and the maximum P adsorption capacity. The majority of newly sorbed P in the soils was P_ox, but also more newly retained P was found to be not extractable by oxalate. Flooding also changed the characteristics of P desorption in the soils. Due to a decrease of the saturation index of the P sorption capacity, P adsorbed by flooded soils was much less desorbable than that from non‐flooded soils. There are obviously significant differences in the nature of both, the Fe_ox and P_ox fractions under non‐flooded and flooded conditions. The degree of the changes in Fe_ox, P_ox, P adsorption and P desorption by flooding depended on the contents of amorphous and total Fe oxides in non‐flooded soils. Our results confirm that the adsorption and desorption behavior of P in paddy soils is largely controlled by the transformation of the Fe oxides. The reasons of the often‐reported improved P availability to rice induced by flooding, in spite of the unfavorable effect on P desorbability, are discussed.