2012/13年度大豆市场回顾与2013/14年度展望

2012/13年度大豆市场的表现与2011/12年度迥异,增产预期在多数时间里抑制着价格,使得2012/13年度的大豆价格在2011/12年度屡创新高之后盛极而衰,此前活跃的需求因素陷入沉寂也是不应被忽视的重要原因。展望2013/14年度,除了预期继续增产可能带来的压力之外,需求形势及其背后局势的演变有望成为重要看点,预计会给大豆市场带来更多不确定性,这可能成为影响价格走势的X因素,初步预计价格将宽幅震荡。     

被忽视的晚清诗文拓荒者——论胡先骕之诗文评

上个世纪20年代,胡先骕在《学衡》发表多篇关于清代诗词集的评论。他独具慧眼,对赵熙、阮大铖、刘光第等人的研究,皆有开山奠基之功,后世研究多以此为基础,可谓是晚清诗歌研究的拓荒者。在这些文章中,胡先骕强调道德节制、中庸等思想,反对白话文运动,体现了他保守主义的文化观。也正由于胡先骕的文化立场及其他复杂原因,导致其诗歌研究的开拓之功,长期以来未得到应有的重视。     

2001～2012 年国审玉米品种数量及骨干自交系的应用分析

搜集和整理2001～2012年国审普通玉米杂交种及其双亲来源,研究每年国审玉米品种数量的变化趋势,对选育的杂交种在2个以上的亲本自交系进行统计,并分析这些自交系的来源。结果发现,普通玉米杂交种2006年审定的数量最多,2003年其次,2007年以后普通玉米杂交种的审定数量在10～20个。在对2001～2012年间国审玉米杂交种亲本来源的分析发现,共有39个亲本自交系组配2个及其以上杂交种,组配杂交种比较多的自交系依次为吉853>丹598>lx9801>昌7-2>京2416>丹340。     

Relationship Between the First Base of the Donor Splice Site of Waxy Gene Intron 1 and Amylose Content in Yunnan Indigenous Rice Varieties

There exists a single nucleotide polymorphism, G or T, at the first base of the donor splice site of waxy gene intron 1 in rice. In order to study the relationship between the first base of the donor splice site of waxy gene intron 1 and amylose content in rice, the one-step PCR method was used to determine whether it is G or T in 220 Yunnan indigenous rice varieties from 14 districts, 55 towns/counties of Yunnan Province, and 101 varieties of which were validated by the PCR-Acc I method. According to the G/T polymorphism, 164 rice varieties showed GG-genotype, while the other 56 fell into TT-genotype, accounting for 74.5% and 25.5% of all the test varieties, respectively. When all the rice varieties were divided into indica and japonica subspecies, it was found that 80.5% of indica rice and 67.0% of japonica rice belonged to GG-genotype. The rice varieties with GG-genotype had significantly higher amylose content (18.95% on average) than those with TT-genotype (all below 16%), but 33 rice varieties with GG-genotype still had low amylose content ranging from 3.91% to 15.93%, and most of them came from the Dai minority area in the Southwest of Yunnan Province. However, there was no significant difference in the mean amylose content of the same GG or TT genotypes between indica and japonica rice, suggesting that different genetic backgrounds, indica or japonica, had no effect on amylose content. The coefficient of correlation between the genotype and amylose content was 0.733 (P<0.01).     

武陵山区杂交水稻育种目标与策略初探

针对武陵山区气候生态条件复杂的特点,以市场为导向,结合多年育种实践,提出武陵山区杂交水稻育种目标:在以"优质高产多抗广适"为总体育种目标的基础上,以不育系和恢复系的米质和抗性选育为突破口,重点开展抗稻瘟病和耐寒育种,达到优质高产多抗广适的有机统一.实现该目标的主要策略是:充分发掘和利用优异种质资源,加强区内育种单位之间的协作,建立多病圃对种质资源、亲本和组合进行联合鉴定筛选,通过病区胁迫选择、非病区选择与高海拔基地抗寒性鉴定相结合育成符合育种目标的新组合.经过多年努力,成功地鉴定或育成了一批优质抗病的恢复系、不育系和杂交组合,并相继通过各级水稻品种审定.     

Enhanced kernel set promoted by synchronous pollination determines a tradeoff between kernel number and kernel weight in temperate maize hybrids

Maize (Zea mays L.) grain yield is strongly related to the number of harvested kernels, where kernel number can be increased by synchronously pollinating silks rather than allowing them to be progressively pollinated as they naturally appear from the husks. However, there is scarce evidence on how this practice affects kernel weight (KW) and plant grain yield (PGY), and no report exists on its effects when combined with treatments aimed to reduce apical dominance, like male sterility and detasseling. Field experiments were conducted in two growing seasons (Exp₁ and Exp₂) using two hybrids, cropped at contrasting stand densities (3 and 9 plants per m²) and including (i) male-fertile and male-sterile versions, (ii) tasseled and detasseled plants, and (iii) natural (NP) and synchronous pollination (SP; pollen added manually to ears bagged 5 days after initial silking) systems. Tassel growth of sterile and fertile versions was also evaluated in a separate experiment (Exp₃). Detasseling increased the number of ears per plant reaching silking (P < 0.001) of NP plants, but this beneficial effect of reduced apical dominance did not improve kernel number per plant (KNP) or PGY. Similarly, the early arrest of anther growth in male-sterile plants had no clear benefit on KNP. In contrast, KNP was enhanced by synchronous pollination (range between −13% and +71%; average of +15.4% in Exp₁ and +3.9% in Exp₂). However, this pollination system promoted a decreased in KW (range between −30% and +4%; average of −11.8% in Exp₁ and −7.8 in Exp₂) such that the treatment had no effect on PGY (range between −19% and +37%; average of +1% in Exp₁ and −4% in Exp₂). Because plant growth rate around flowering was not different between pollination treatments, assimilate availability per kernel was reduced from ovary fertilization onwards in synchronously pollinated plants when compared to open pollinated plants. This explains the reduced KW when increasing KNP by synchronous pollination. In summary, none of the imposed treatments allowed grain yield to be increased at the plant level.     

城市住宅小区绿化设计初探

为了增进人与自然和谐以及社会、经济、生态的可持续发展,阐述了园林植物在城市住宅小区绿化中的重要作用,对当前中国城市住宅小区绿化设计现状及存在问题进行了综合分析,提出了城市住宅小区绿化设计与自然生态环境的关系,以及通过植物配置的最佳方式来提高城市住宅小区园林绿化的综合效益。     

A stochastic surplus production model in continuous time

Surplus production modelling has a long history as a method for managing data‐limited fish stocks. Recent advancements have cast surplus production models as state‐space models that separate random variability of stock dynamics from error in observed indices of biomass. We present a stochastic surplus production model in continuous time (SPiCT), which in addition to stock dynamics also models the dynamics of the fisheries. This enables error in the catch process to be reflected in the uncertainty of estimated model parameters and management quantities. Benefits of the continuous‐time state‐space model formulation include the ability to provide estimates of exploitable biomass and fishing mortality at any point in time from data sampled at arbitrary and possibly irregular intervals. We show in a simulation that the ability to analyse subannual data can increase the effective sample size and improve estimation of reference points relative to discrete‐time analysis of aggregated annual data. Finally, subannual data from five North Sea stocks are analysed with particular focus on using residual analysis to diagnose model insufficiencies and identify necessary model extensions such as robust estimation and incorporation of seasonality. We argue that including all known sources of uncertainty, propagation of that uncertainty to reference points and checking of model assumptions using residuals are critical prerequisites to rigorous fish stock management based on surplus production models.     

野生与养殖银鲳消化道菌群结构中产酶菌的对比分析

实验对野生和养殖银鲳胃、幽门盲囊、前肠、中肠、后肠菌群结构进行了定性对比分析,并对产蛋白酶、淀粉酶、脂肪酶、纤维素酶的菌株进行了鉴定。结果发现,野生和养殖种群的消化道菌群结构存在较大差异,且同一种群消化道各部分之间菌群结构也存在较大差异。尽管养殖和野生银鲳均在幽门盲囊中具有最多的可培养细菌菌株,但野生银鲳消化道内主要菌群为嗜冷菌属(Psychrobacter)和Pseudochrobactrum,养殖银鲳消化道主要菌群为不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter)和假单孢菌属(Pseudomonas),两种群共有细菌仅一株,即Psychrobacter piscatorii strain VSD503,但其分别存在于野生与养殖种群银鲳消化道的不同部位。在产酶菌株筛选中发现,野生银鲳消化道内分离到16株产酶菌,其中44%可培养菌能产蛋白酶,56%能产淀粉酶,11%能产脂肪酶,56%能产纤维素酶,部分菌株可产2株以上的消化酶,其中产3种以上酶的菌株有5株,且产酶量丰富。相对于野生银鲳,养殖银鲳消化道内分离到22株产酶菌,主要以产蛋白酶和淀粉酶为主,70%可培养菌可产蛋白酶,21%可产淀粉酶,仅Bacillus thuringiensis strain VITGS可产纤维素酶,无一株菌产脂肪酶,其中只有Bacillus thuringiensis strain VITGS产3种酶但产酶量相对较少。研究可为银鲳人工养殖中潜在益生菌的筛选提供理论依据。     

黑龙江乌苏里白鲑的个体繁殖力

2013年和2014年的10–11月,在黑龙江抚远江段采集成熟度为IV期的雌性乌苏里白鲑(Coregonus ussurinsis)133尾,鉴定年龄(A),测量叉长(L)、体重(W)、净体重(Wn)和卵巢重(Wo)等生物学指标。计算了绝对繁殖力(F)、叉长相对繁殖力(FL)、体重相对繁殖力(FW)、性成熟系数(GSI)和肥满度(K),并运用6种数学模型及多元线性逐步回归方程拟合了乌苏里白鲑个体繁殖力与生物学指标之间的关系。结果表明,用于统计繁殖力的样本由4+~8+龄5个年龄组组成,乌苏里白鲑F分布范围在1.161×104~5.921×104粒,平均为3.027×104粒;FL分布在307.13~1119.4 eggs/cm,平均为622.5 eggs/cm;FW分布在19.81~56.98 eggs/g,平均为34.62 eggs/g。F与叉长、体重和年龄拟合度最高的函数分别为幂函数、线性函数和抛物线,FL与叉长、体重和年龄分别为幂函数、幂函数和线性函数相关,而FW与叉长、体重和年龄无显著相关性,FW只与卵巢重和性成熟系数具有一定的相关性,且拟合度最高的方程均为幂函数。多元线性逐步回归分析表明,乌苏里白鲑F与卵巢重、叉长和性成熟系数显著相关,而FL和FW均受卵巢重和性成熟系数的显著影响,从二者偏相关系数值来讲,卵巢重与个体繁殖力(F、FL、FW)之间的相关性均高于性成熟系数。