半胱胺对藏绵羊断奶羔羊瘤胃pH值、总脱氢酶及TVFA的影响

试验研究了半胱胺(Cs)对藏绵羊断奶羔羊瘤胃pH值、总脱氢酶及TVFA的影响。将10只(公母各半)80日龄左右、体重平均为(16.00±0.31)kg、装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的藏绵羊断奶羔羊随机分为2组(试验组和对照组),在日粮精料中添加300 mg/(kg·BW)的Cs,隔日添加1次,试验期42 d。正式试验当日及试验第7、14、21、28、35天的7:00、9:00、11:00、13:00、15:00、17:00、19:00、21:00、23:00、1:00、3:00、5:00于颈静脉采血样10 mL,同时采集瘤胃液10 mL,测定瘤胃pH值、总脱氢酶的活性和TVFA。检测结果表明,试验组精料中添加Cs使藏绵羊断奶羔羊瘤胃液pH值升高;血清尿素氮浓度降低,与对照组相比差异极显著(P0.01);瘤胃液总脱氢酶活力提高极其明显(P0.01);整个试验期内,半胱胺对瘤胃TVFA的影响极显著(P0.01)。     

宿主蝇蛹对丽蝇蛹集金小蜂寄生与产子蜂量的影响

本文报道宿主蝇种、蜂蛹比例和蝇蛹日龄对丽蝇蛹集金小蜂寄生率及产子蜂量的影响。该蜂在家蝇、丝光绿蝇、巨尾阿丽蝇和红尾粪麻蝇蛹中的寄生率分别为:85％、92％、76％和14％。蜂蛹最适比例为:1:2.5～5。该蜂可产子蜂于1～7日龄的巨尾阿丽蝇蛹,以1～2日龄蝇蛹产子量最高。     

西方盲走螨防治苹果树叶螨的研究

通过室内个体饲养观察,明确西方盲走螨捕食山楂叶螨和李始叶螨生长发育情况良好。1983～1985年,兰州田间试验表明:5月下旬到6月中旬,根据苹果树的不同树龄和叶螨的虫口基数,以1:36～64的益、害比,每株释放西方盲走螨雌成螨350～2,750头,经过45～60天,释放树上山楂叶螨和李始叶螨的种群数量发展缓慢,渐趋衰亡,达到完全控制。释放西方盲走螨不仅当年控制李始叶螨为害,可减少用药3～4次;其效果可持续两年。     

山岳冰川的能量分类

应用热力学原理,对冰川低温热力学系统在物态变化中的能量转换,进行宏观分析和计算,用“能量”作量度,用“冰川比内能”。为指标,对山岳冰川进行分类。对世界上34条山岳冰川,以u值100000J为分界,将其划分为高能量和低能量2大类以及相应的6个亚类。同时,讨论了类型特征、界限确定及分类意义等问题。     

干旱沙区农田防护林营建模式与经营评价研究

通过对干旱沙区人工绿洲农田防护林林木生长量的调查测定和样本树干解析数据,揭示了林木生长规律,建立了树干材积模型,为农田防护林合理更新提出了科学依据。利用相关依据指标,对现有农田防护林的营建模式进行了评价,提出了新的更新模式。     

A grower-friendly method to transfer predacious mites to commercial orchards

The establishment of predacious mites in commercial orchards may be accelerated by the transfer of pruned wood in winter and summer from donor orchards to release orchards. Following winter pruning, 3-year-old and older wood is collected and transported as soon as possible in bundles to a release orchard for distribution. If the release orchard is composed of dwarf trees, then one or two bundles of 5 kg each are placed vertically at the base of the trunk of every tree in the block (0.5 to 1 ha); if the trees are of standard size, then four or five bundles used. Following summer pruning, annual shoots and suckers are distributed immediately in a release orchard composed of dwarf trees by placing 12–15 branches on the foliage of fruit-bearing branches; if the release orchard is composed of standard trees, then 50 branches are used. The pruned wood should have 20–25 leaves and not less than one predator per leaf. The release orchard should have a light infestation (two or three mites per leaf) of pest tetranychids. These phytophagous mites would serve as food and help establish the predators. The release orchard grower should develop a pest management program based on the same groups of pesticides used in the donor orchard. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Aug. 31, 2005.     

温度和烟粉虱寄主植物对海氏桨角蚜小蜂生物学特性的影响

海氏桨角蚜小蜂Eretmocerus hayati(Zolnerowich and Rose)原产于巴基斯坦,是B型烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius)的一种有效天敌.本文报道了不同温度条件(20、22、26、30、34℃,RH65%±5%,光周期14L:10D)和饲养在不同寄主植物--番茄、黄瓜、甘蓝上(26℃,RH65%±5%,光周期14L:10D)烟粉虱对海氏桨角蚜小蜂生物学特性的影响.结果表明,在20℃和30℃恒温条件下,该蜂寄生在番茄上饲养的烟粉虱的发育历期分别为31.7d和12.4d,完成发育的有效积温为247日·度,发育起点温度为11.9℃.在26℃恒温条件下,该蜂寄生番茄、黄瓜和甘蓝上的烟粉虱若虫时,卵至成蜂羽化的发育历期分别为15.7、16.1和15.2d,相应存活率分别为74.6%、72.1%和78.7%,雌蜂寿命分别为7.4、7.6和8.ld,平均繁殖量分别为67.2、62.3和74.7粒卵.本研究结果对海氏桨角蚜小蜂的大量饲养和田间释放具有指导作用.     

水稻细菌性条斑病菌拮抗细菌的筛选、评价与应用研究

从江苏省南京、泰州、扬州和宿迁等地区水稻田采集水稻病叶、健叶、根围土等样品90份,分离纯化得到1173个细菌分离物,对其进行水稻细菌性条斑病菌Xanthomonasoryzaepv．oryzicola皿内抑制试验,共获得12株拮抗能力较强的细菌,其中4株拮抗细菌抑菌圈直径大于27mm。盆栽试验结果表明,12株拮抗能力较强的细菌中有4株对水稻细菌性条斑病菌防效大于50％,其中菌株Lx-1l盆栽防效达62．5％。大面积示范试验结果表明菌株Lx．11田间防效达60．2％,显著高于化学药剂20％叶枯唑的防效（51．2％和45．8％）。形态特征、理化特性和分子鉴定分析确定菌株Lx．11为解淀粉芽孢杆菌Bacillusamyloliquefaciens。     

Pine Wilt Disease Caused by the Pine Wood Nematode: The Induced Resistance of Pine Trees by the Avirulent Isolates of Nematode

Since the beginning of the 20th century, pine trees in Japan have been seriously damaged by the pine wilt disease. This disease is caused by the pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, which is transmitted by the Japanese pine sawyer, Monochamus alternatus. The control of disease depends to a large extent on chemicals, but the public is now demanding environmentally friendly control methods. The virulence of B. xylophilus varies very widely. Pre-inoculation of young pine trees in a nursery with avirulent B. xylophilus has induced systemic resistance of trees against a subsequent inoculation with virulent B. xylophilus. This induced resistance was considered a hopeful means for developing a biological control for the disease. The induced resistance by the avirulent nematodes was also expressed in mature pine trees in a forest where the disease was naturally epidemic. However, the effects of induced resistance were not satisfactory for practical biological control. Since the inoculation with higher concentrations of the avirulent B. xylophilus induced the resistance more effectively, the pre-inoculation method will need to be improved to develop the biological control. The induced resistance of pine trees by avirulent B. xylophilus should be one of the candidate biological control methods against pine wilt disease. This induced resistance also provides an experimental system to clarify physiological interactions between the nematodes and pine trees.