利用玉米秸秆酶解液发酵胶质芽胞杆菌WY120的研究

胶质芽胞杆菌WY120是微生物肥料生产常用菌株,传统的生物钾肥菌剂发酵生产的主要原料是采用淀粉、蔗糖和葡萄糖等。以玉米秸秆为原料,通过与淀粉蔗糖培养基发酵培养胶质芽胞杆菌的比较研究,探讨了玉米秸秆酶解液作为碳源发酵生产胶质芽胞杆菌的可行性。结果显示,玉米秸秆酶解液作为碳源发酵生产的胶质芽胞杆菌,其活菌数为3.52×108 cfu/mL,是淀粉蔗糖培养基的1.63倍。秸秆酶解液培养基的优化试验结果显示,其最佳初始葡萄糖浓度为15 g/L,活菌数可达到3.95×108 cfu/mL。当转速为250 r/min,pH控制在7.0~7.2时,5 L发酵罐的试验结果显示,其活菌数高达6.76×108 cfu/mL,是摇瓶培养的1.71倍。研究结果表明,玉米秸秆可替代传统的淀粉蔗糖为碳源发酵生产胶质芽胞杆菌,为玉米秸秆资源化利用提供了一种新途径。     

番茄灰霉病菌拮抗菌D6和D10发酵条件的优化及其抑菌效果

【目的】优化番茄灰霉病菌拮抗菌的发酵条件,初步探究其抑菌效果,为番茄灰霉病菌的生物防治提供潜在的资源菌。【方法】以前期从大蒜鳞茎中筛选出的拮抗菌D6和D10为研究试材,以接种量、温度、摇床转速和装液量为考察因素,设计四因素三水平正交试验,对D6和D10的发酵条件进行优化,并研究优化条件下D6和D10的无菌滤液对番茄灰霉病菌菌丝生长的抑制作用。【结果】D6和D10的最佳摇床培养条件分别为,D6:接种量4%,温度22℃,转速180r/min,装液量50mL;D10:接种量4%,温度26℃,转速150r/min,装液量75mL。当D6的无菌滤液质量分数达到15%时,其抑制率最高达到85.33%;当D10的无菌滤液质量分数达到10%时,其抑制率最高达到70.67%。在121℃时,D6无菌滤液的热稳定性较好,而D10的无菌滤液却失去了生物活性。【结论】在优化条件下培养的D6和D10无菌滤液对番茄灰霉病菌有一定的抑制作用,D6的无菌滤液热稳定性较好。     

贵州省山羊流产主要病原菌分离鉴定及致病性试验

研究了贵州省山羊流产主要病原菌的组成、分布和致病情况,为贵州省山羊流产细菌的防控提供理论参考.对贵州省6个地(州、市)10个规模养羊场91只流产山羊的胎儿、子宫与母羊的阴道棉拭子进行细菌样本的采集并分离,通过革兰氏染色和生化试验鉴定,并对山羊阴道棉拭子中分离鉴定的4种主要优势菌株作小白鼠致病性试验.在贵州省山羊生殖系统中共分离到13种(科、属)细菌共计159株,其中在流产山羊中分离到的细菌种类显著多于健康山羊;4种主要优势菌株对小鼠均存在一定致病性,对小鼠致死率高低依次为溶血巴氏杆菌、化脓链球菌、腐生葡萄球菌和大肠埃希氏菌,分别为83.3％、50％、8.3％和8.3％.     

布氏乳杆菌PG-7去除胆固醇和抗氧化能力的研究

从糖蒜中筛选分离到的一株具有降胆固醇和抗氧化能力的产乳酸菌株PG-7,该菌对胆固醇的去除率为58.1%,对DPPH自由基和超氧自由基的清除率分别为91.7%和16.2%。克隆了PG-7的16S rD-NA序列,并以其同源性为基础构建了相关属种的系统发育树。结果表明,该菌16S rDNA序列全长1 638 bp,BLAST显示该菌株与乳杆菌属同源;PG-7菌株在进化关系上与布氏乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus buchneri)聚成一族。将其鉴定为布氏乳杆菌属,命名为:Lactobacillus buchneri PG-7。     

棉花根际解钾细菌的生理活性和促生效果

考察优良棉花根际解钾菌株K1111、K1114、K2115、K3105和K3205的溶磷、解钾、产铁载体和产吲哚乙酸等生理活性。将其接种到棉花根际,通过盆栽试验,研究5株菌株对棉花根系发育与生长的影响。结果表明,这5株菌的产铁载体能力均达到5+(极高量)水平;分泌吲哚乙酸的浓度在6.6～12.4μg/mL之间;同时具有很高的溶磷能力。接种5株菌株的棉花根系活力、株高和干重均显著高于不施钾肥的对照组,高于或相当于施钾对照组。     

Evaluation of cultivation methods and sustainable agricultural practices for improving shallot bulb production – a review

Abstract

Shallot is an economically important nutritive bulb vegetable and medicinal plant from Alliaceae family. Distributed in limited regions worldwide, in most cases, shallots widely grow in very cold to moderate cold temperate climates at high elevations required to induce bolting and overcome their bulbs and true seeds dormant period. Shallot responses to agricultural management and environmental conditions vary among different species and genotypes and, thus, selection of the elite genotypes is a prerequisite for obtaining desired yield and quality of bulbs and true seeds. Plant material (seed or bulb), plant selection, as well as cultivation and agricultural practices (importantly fertilization, spacing, planting date, and irrigation in greenhouse or farmland) critically affect productivity, phytonutrient value, and economic profit of the shallot produces. The knowledge of using biofertilizers and mulching techniques on shallots are currently evolving, but the information on the efficiency of nanobiofertilizers and eco-friendly and biodegradable mulching materials on shallots farming are still lacking. With the emphasis on sustainable agricultural systems, the efficiency of combined organic and inorganic fertilization is discussed and the potential biofertilizer agents are recommended. This review highlights the importance of using the integrated fertilization (organic and inorganic methods combined with biofertilizers) and irrigation methods (such as two-line spray hose irrigation combined with mulching), and the practices with the highest potential to further improve shallot farming are suggested. The information on shallots breeding is still lacking and requires extensive researches in the future.     

联苯菊酯降解菌的筛选、鉴定及降解特性研究

联苯菊酯是一种广谱高效杀虫剂,大规模的应用使其广泛残留在环境中,因此筛选联苯菊酯的高效降解菌具有重要意义。从扬州农药厂附近的地表土壤取样,利用富集驯化培养分离得到一株编号为S8的降解细菌,经表形特征、生理生化特性和16S rDNA序列分析其为醋酸钙不动杆菌（Acinetobacter calcoaceticus）,该菌株在pH7.0和30 ℃的条件下,对100 mg·L-1联苯菊酯的3 d降解率达56.4%,半衰期为60.7 h。其最适生长条件为：pH6.0~8.0,温度30~35 ℃,接种量5%。研究结果可为今后治理联苯菊酯残留污染提供理论参考。     

Yield promotion and phosphorus solubilization by plant growth–promoting rhizobacteria in extensive wheat production in Turkey

Plant growth–promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) have been reported to stimulate the growth and yield of grain crops, particularly when nutrient supply is poor. However, the mechanisms underlying stimulation of plant growth may vary depending not only on growth conditions and crop management but also on plant and bacterial species. The present study assessed the effect of an inoculation with single or multiple PGPR strains on phosphorus (P)‐solubilization processes in the soil and on grain yield in wheat. Single inoculation with Bacillus subtilis OSU‐142, Bacillus megaterium M3, or Azospirillum brasilense Sp245 increased grain yield by 24%, 19%, and 19%, respectively, while a mixed inoculation with OSU‐142, M3, and Sp245 increased grain yield by 33% relative to noninoculated plants. Single inoculations with Paenibacillus polymyxa RC05 or Bacillus megaterium RC07 were less effective. Single or mixed treatments with OSU‐142, M3, and Sp245 increased the concentrations of the labile and moderately labile P fractions in rhizosphere soil. The growth‐stimulating effect of OSU‐142, M3, and Sp245 was also reflected by higher P concentrations in most plant organs. Among all inocula tested, the highest plant P acquisition was obtained in the presence of M3 and accompanied by the highest microbial P levels and the highest phosphatase activities in the rhizosphere soil. In conclusion, seed inoculation with mixed PGPR strains may effectively substitute for a part of P‐fertilizer application in extensive wheat production, and in particular M3 appears to improve the solubilization of inorganic soil P.     

水稻根际耐镉细菌碳源代谢功能分析

为探明前期分离得到的3株水稻根际耐镉细菌碳源代谢特性,在进行生理生化鉴定的基础上,采用BIOLOG ECO微平板法,分析了3株细菌(菌株A、菌株B和菌株C)的碳源代谢功能。生理生化试验结果表明,3株菌均属于革兰氏阴性细菌,且均具有极生鞭毛,菌株C的生理生化鉴定为铜绿假单胞菌,菌株A与菌株B为假单胞菌属的其他种,结果与之前的分子生物学鉴定结果一致。BIOLOG分析结果表明,3株菌株在培养72 h的AWCD(平均颜色变化率)均接近最大值,在培养24 h时的AWCD存在显著差异,这种差异主要体现在对氨基酸的利用上。在对提供的31种单一碳源利用上,3株菌对N-乙酰-D-葡萄糖胺、L-精氨酸、L-天冬酰胺、甲叉丁二酸、腐胺、4-羟基苯甲酸、丙酮酸甲酯、吐温-40和吐温-80的利用率均较高,且对L-精氨酸、甲叉丁二酸、丙酮酸甲酯的利用率存在显著差异。本研究结果对深入了解耐镉菌株增殖所需要的碳源以及将来优化耐镉细菌最适培养基提供了理论依据,也为构建相应的基因工程菌提供了微生物资源。     

海藻酸钠固定化细菌对毒死蜱的降解特性

毒死蜱的生产和使用日趋广泛,由其造成的环境污染和危害不容忽视。微生物是影响有机磷农药在环境中降解的最主要因素,也被认为是降解有机磷农药最可靠而高效的途径。固定化技术是提高微生物降解农药效率的有效方法之一。本研究以海藻酸钠为载体,采用注射器滴定法将蜡状芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cer-eus)HY-1用海藻酸钠溶胶包埋,研究了反应时间、固定化菌接入量、pH和毒死蜱初始浓度对毒死蜱降解的影响以及固定化菌的重复使用效果。结果表明:海藻酸钠固定化菌能够高效降解基础培养基中的毒死蜱,制备固定化小球海藻酸钠溶胶的最适浓度为2.5%(w/v),小球的平均粒径为3 mm。在培养时间为60 h时,固定化菌对100 mg·L-1毒死蜱的降解率达到最大。固定化小球接入量为160 g·L-1时,对100 mg·L-1毒死蜱的降解率最高。固定化菌对毒死蜱的降解有着较宽泛的pH适应范围,碱性环境更有利于其对毒死蜱的有效降解。当毒死蜱初始浓度为80 mg·L-1和100 mg·L-1时,固定化菌对毒死蜱的降解率较高,达90%左右。固定化菌可重复利用降解毒死蜱,当利用4次后,固定化小球虽已发生崩解,但对100 mg·L-1毒死蜱的降解率仍高达47%。因此,海藻酸钠固定化蜡状芽孢杆菌对水体中毒死蜱的降解率较高,环境适应性较强,固定化菌可在毒死蜱污染的净化去毒方面发挥重要作用。