特色传统食品大咯馇腐败菌分离及保鲜剂的筛选

分离和纯化了导致大咯馇腐败的主要微生物,并作为优选天然复合保鲜剂的供试菌。对大咯馇的初始菌相进行了分析比较,确定各种腐败菌的分离率为:细菌为96.83%,霉菌为3.16%,初步分离优势腐败细菌1株,并用最大浓度保鲜液对优势腐败菌在平板上进行了抑菌性试验,抑菌圈为3.70cm,效果显著。对保鲜剂的单一成分及浓度进行正交试验,筛选出复合保鲜剂的最佳配比为T1,T2,T3的质量分数分别为5.0%,0.4%,1.0%。     

牧区奶干渣组合式发酵剂响应面法优化

以脱脂牦牛乳为试验材料,发酵3.5 h滴定酸度为试验指标,在不同菌种最佳组合方式筛选的研究基础上,利用响应面Box-Behnken中心组合试验研究了4株筛自牧区、发酵性能优良的菌种:保加利亚乳杆菌(MGD1-3)、嗜热链球菌(MGB39-5)、嗜热链球菌(G81-1)、植物乳杆菌(BM5152)不同接种比例对牧区奶干渣发酵效果的影响。结果表明,优化得到最优组合式发酵剂为:MGD1-3体积分数3.06%、MGB39-5体积分数0.64%、G81-1体积分数0.55%、BM5152体积分数2.04%,滴定酸度为75.87°T。为了便于实际操作,确定最终体积接种比为:MGD1-3∶MGB39-5∶G81-1∶BM5152=30∶6∶5∶20,接种量体积分数为6.0%,该条件下进行3次平行试验,得到滴定酸度平均值为74.21°T;将接种优化后组合式发酵剂制成的奶干渣(试验组)与牧区采集奶干渣(对照组)进行感官与理化指标比较,结果表明该组合式发酵剂发酵性能优良。     

畜禽场排出空气的净化技术

详细介绍了当前国内外对畜禽场排出空气的主要净化技术和性能,对技术的设计原理、材料选择与净化效果进行了分析评价。     

不同土壤中硅酸盐细菌生理生化特征及其解钾活性的研究

在以钾长石粉为唯一 K 源的硅酸盐细菌选择性培养基上,从我国部分省市土壤中筛选到 16 株硅酸盐细菌,以本实验室保藏 NBT 菌株为参照,对其生理生化特性、耐盐性、抗生素抗性、温度敏感性及释K 能力等生物学特性进行了测定。结果表明,17 株硅酸盐细菌菌体均为杆状,产生椭圆至圆形芽胞。其中 SB6、SB13 为短杆状,SB4、SB6、SB10、SB15 菌株是 G ,其余菌株是 G-。NH4 、NO3 为良好 N 源,且能在无 N -培养基上生长。菌株 SB13 和 NBT 解 K 能力较强,释放的 K 比接灭活菌对照分别增加 49.1 %和 45.3 %。菌株SB2、SB4、SB5、SB6 在 20 g/L NaCl 浓度的培养基上能生长,在温度为 10 ~ 40 范围内供试硅酸盐细菌能够良好生长。     

ATP发光技术测定辐照前脱水蔬菜和调味品的含菌量

用ATP发光技术测定脱水蔬菜和调味品的初始含菌量,发现脱水蔬菜和调味品中细菌ATP的生物发光强度与其初始含菌量之间显著相关,从样品的制备到获得ATP发光强度结果的检测过程仅需1～2h。该技术可用于辐照灭菌前的微生物检测。     

高效脱色菌的特性及其在染化废水厌氧处理中的生物强化作用

从活性污泥等微生物源中分离、筛选获得10株高效脱色菌，经鉴定其属于Pseudomonas,Bacillus，Xanthomonas，Erwinia，Alealigenes，Plesiomonas。对艳红染料生产废水脱色试验表明最适温度30℃，pH6.6～8.0，湿细胞浓度20～30!g*L-1;静置培养（兼氧）脱色率高于振荡培养；外加NADH、NADPH、易降解有机物和有机废水可强化脱色菌的脱色性能。为实现脱色菌的资源化应用，试验将PseudomonasD18,ErwiniaD17,AlcaligenesD19andPlesiomonasD124株脱色菌制成混合培养物和固定化细胞，分别投加于处理染化废水的厌氧反应器，结果发现在相同COD负荷、水力负荷条件下，投加固定化细胞的反应器，其脱色率可提高5!%～10!%，出水苯胺浓度提高40!%～65!%。电镜观察发现脱色菌在胶团内外持留、增殖。厌氧反应器性能的改善主要通过功能性微生物生物量和相关基因库量的增加而实现。     

解淀粉芽孢杆菌GB58对水稻纹枯病的防效及菌剂载体筛选

旨在对解淀粉芽孢杆菌GB58在水稻纹枯病上的盆栽防治效果和最佳菌剂载体进行研究,明确其应用前景。采用盆栽试验测定GB58对水稻纹枯病的病斑高率和在水稻上的定殖能力,测定GB58在菌剂固定载体的吸附能力和吸附稳定性。盆栽试验结果表明,GB58在水稻病株上有良好的定殖效果,定殖数最大达到2.22×10⁷ cfu/g。与喷施井冈霉素处理相比,GB58对水稻纹枯病的防效在病害发生后20、40天分别显著提高了20%、24%。GB58在固体菌剂吸附载体的研究表明：结合菌体吸附量、存活率和抑菌活性进行分析,有机载体吸附效果好于无机载体;同时综合考虑应用价值,选择玉米粉、有机肥为菌剂吸附载体较好。GB58对水稻纹枯病具有较好的生防效果。采用玉米粉和有机肥作为固体菌剂吸附载体,具有经济、高效的特点,有较大的应用价值与开发潜力。     

恩施藤茶乙醇提取物对高温煮熟鱼肉腐败菌的抑制作用研究

以生长菌落数为评价指标,研究恩施藤茶乙醇提取物对高温煮熟鱼肉的防腐效果;采用稀释平板法分离纯化和16S rDNA测序技术鉴定导致高温煮熟鱼肉腐败变质的细菌;运用滤纸片法测试恩施藤茶乙醇提取物对腐败变质细菌的抑菌活性;通过测定恩施藤茶乙醇提取物对腐败变质细菌生长曲线、导电率及生物大分子含量的影响研究其抑菌机理。结果表明:在储藏15 d内,30 mg·mL-1恩施藤茶乙醇提取物能完全抑制高温煮熟鱼肉中细菌生长;分离、鉴定了2株导致高温煮熟鱼肉腐败变质的细菌Bacillus methylotrophicus T-10、Alcaligenes faecalis T-9;恩施藤茶乙醇提取物对这2株腐败菌具有中敏抑菌活性(抑菌圈直径:10~20 mm),其最小抑菌浓度(MIC)分别为16.0 mg·mL-1和20.0 mg·mL-1;恩施藤茶乙醇提取物通过破坏菌体细胞膜的完整性,致使生物大分子物质外溢而发挥抑菌作用。     

植物提取物在葡萄保鲜中的应用研究进展

植物种类繁多,含有多样性的化学成分,一些特定的化合物如酮类、萜类等可抑制微生物的生长,并且植物提取物保鲜成本低、安全性高、副作用小,具有良好的抗菌价值,对葡萄保鲜具有重要意义。论述了应用于葡萄保鲜的植物种类及其提取物保鲜作用机理、植物提取物对葡萄采后病原菌的抑制作用及其提取和应用方法,展望了植物提取物在葡萄保鲜方面的应用前景及研究方向。     

Survival of bacterial DNA and culturable bacteria in archived soils from the Rothamsted Broadbalk experiment

Dried soil samples from many sources have been stored in archives world-wide over the years, but there has been little research on their value for studying microbial populations. Samples collected since 1843 from the Broadbalk field experiment on crop nutrition at Rothamsted have been used to document changes in the structure and composition of soils as agricultural practices evolve, also offering an invaluable record of environmental changes from the pre- to post-industrial era in the UK. To date, the microbial communities of these soils have not been studied, in part due to the well-documented drop in bacterial culturability in dried soils. However, modern molecular methods based on PCR amplification of DNA extracted directly from soil do not require bacterial cells to be viable or intact and may allow investigations into the legacy of bacteria that were present at the time of sample collection.

In a preliminary study, to establish if dried soils can provide a historical record of bacterial communities, samples from the Broadbalk soil archive dating back to 1868 were investigated and plots treated with either farmyard manure (FYM) or inorganic fertilizer (NPK) were compared. As anticipated, the processes of air-drying and milling greatly reduced bacterial viability whilst DNA yields declined less and may be preserved by desiccation. A higher proportion of culturable bacteria survived the archiving process in the FYM soil, possibly protected by the increased soil organic matter. The majority of surviving bacteria were firmicutes, whether collected in 2003 or in 1914, but a wide range of genera was detected in DNA extracted from the samples using PCR and DGGE of 16S rRNA genes. Analysis of DGGE band profiles indicated that the two plots maintained divergent populations. Sequence analysis of bands excised from DGGE gels, from a sample collected in 1914, revealed DNA from - and β-proteobacteria as well as firmicutes. PCR using primers specific for ammonia oxidizing bacteria showed similar band profiles across the two treatments in recently collected samples, however older samples from the NPK plot showed greater divergence. Primers specific for the genus Pseudomonas were designed and used in real-time quantitative PCR to indicate that archived soil collected in 1868 contained 10-fold less pseudomonad DNA than fresh soil, representing around 10⁵ genomes g⁻¹ soil. Prior to milling, dramatically less pseudomonad DNA was extracted from recently collected air-dried soil from the NPK compared to the FYM plot; otherwise, the two plots followed similar trends. Overall bacterial abundance, diversity and survival during the archiving process differed in the two soils, possibly due to differences in clay and soil organic matter content. Nevertheless, the results demonstrate that air-dried soils can protect microbial DNA for more than 150 years and offer an invaluable resource for future research.