不同温度及诱导方法对熊蜂王Bombus terrestris组建蜂群的影响

周年人工繁育熊蜂最困难的时候是年轻蜂王创建新的蜂群。我们在实验室条件下采用不同的温度梯度和诱导方法促进蜂王建立蜂群。B.terrestris在温度为28－29℃，采用bbP诱导方法，生产效率最高，成群率在50％以上，在没有bbp的情况下，用（YDQ＋1btW)诱导方法成群率也在30％以上，符合工厂化生产的要求。     

A laboratory evaluation to determine the compatibility of microbiological control agents with the pollinator Bombus terrestris

BACKGROUND: This study was undertaken to identify any potential adverse side effects of the use of seven microbiological control agents (MCAs) on the bumblebee, Bombus terrestris L., in the context of combined use in integrated pest management (IPM). AQ10^® (Ampelomyces quisqualis), Binab‐T‐vector^® (Hypocrea parapilulifera + T. atroviride; 1/1), Prestop‐Mix^® (Gliocladium catenulatum J1446), Serenade^® (Bacillus subtilis QST713), Trianum‐P^® (Trichoderma harzianum T22), Botanigard^® (Beauveria bassiana GHA) and Granupom^® (Cydia pomonella granulovirus), comprising five biofungicides and two bioinsecticides, were investigated. Bumblebee workers were exposed under laboratory conditions to each MCA at its maximum field recommended concentration (MFRC) via three different routes of exposure: dermal contact and orally via either treated sugar water or pollen. RESULTS: The tested MCAs were found to be safe for workers of B. terrestris, with the exception of Botanigard^® and Serenade^®. Exposure to Botanigard^® via contact at its MFRC caused 92% mortality after 11 weeks, while the 1/10 MFRC killed 46% of exposed workers. For Serenade^®, topical contact and oral delivery via sugar water resulted in 88 and 100% worker mortality respectively. With lower concentrations (1/2, 1/5 and 1/10 MFRC) the toxicity decreased, but the effect depended on the route of exposure. In addition to lethal effects, nests were also evaluated for sublethal effects after treatment with the seven MCAs at their respective MFRCs over 11 weeks. In these bioassays, only Botanigard^® and Serenade^® gave rise to a significant (P < 0.05) decrease in drone production. Sublethal effects on foraging behaviour were also evaluated, and only Botanigard at its MFRC delivered via treated sugar water induced negative effects. CONCLUSION: The results demonstrated that most of the MCAs tested can be considered safe for use in combination with B. terrestris, based on the International Organisation for Biological Control of Noxious Animals and Plants (IOBC) classification. However, some can be harmful, such as the biofungicide Serenade^® and the bioinsecticide Botanigard^®. Therefore, it is recommended that all should be tested before use in combination with pollinators. In this context, it is also advisable that these MCAs should be evaluated in more realistic field situations for the assessment of potentially deleterious effects on foraging behaviour. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

Organophosphate inhibition of an arylesterase from Lumbricus terrestris and reversal by pralidoxime

Several enzymes of xenobiotic metabolism have been identified in soil annelids. Their roles in the physiology and ecotoxicology of the organism are diverse and may parallel those found in mammalian species. Among these are the arylesterases. An arylesterase assayed by hydrolysis of p-nitrophenylacetate was identified in Lumbricus terrestris. This arylesterase appears to be a serine esterase, since it is sensitive to inhibition by metrifonate. This mechanism of inhibition is similar to that of cholinesterase, since pralidoxime can reverse the inhibition of arylesterase by metrifonate. The presence of this esterase in soil annelids may provide insight into the processing of environmental chemicals by soil annelids as well as in vitro commercial applications of esterases based upon their mechanism of catalysis and inhibition.     

白斑康片联合窄谱中波紫外线治疗白癜风疗效观察

目的 观察白斑康片联合窄谱中波紫外线治疗白癜风的临床疗效。方法 将126例白癜风患者随机分为观察组及对照组各63例。对照组以0.1％甲氧沙林涂擦患处1~2 h后照射窄谱中波紫外线30 min,观察组患者加服白斑康片。疗程2个月。对所有患者进行6 个月随访,比较两组有效率,并对不同分期、不同类型、不同部位患者疗效进行对比。结果 观察组有效率明显高于对照组（P<0.05）,头面颈部有效率优于躯干四肢及肢端（P<0.05）,肢端部位疗效最差;对寻常型患者的疗效优于节段型（P<0.05）;进展期的疗效优于稳定期（P<0.05）。结论 白斑康片联合窄谱中波紫外线治疗白癜风有较好的临床疗效,值得临床推广应用。     

Seasonal dynamics of the pink root fungus (Setophoma terrestris) in rhizosphere soil: Effect of crop species and rotation

Setophoma terrestris, a ubiquitous inhabitant of soil, causes pink root rot in various crops. In the present study, the density of S. terrestris was estimated by quantitative real-time PCR in onion and non-onion fields of Hokkaido, the northernmost island of Japan. Three-year observations in monoculture and rotation fields demonstrated that the fungus grew significantly from the third year onwards, and declined in fields planted with poor hosts (e.g., sugar beet and soybean) that produced few or no chlamydospores of S. terrestris. Seasonal analysis revealed that the population of S. terrestris consistently increased when the tops of onions fell over in summer, which is when root activity declines. However, the soil inoculum potential estimated by a seedling bioassay showed distinct seasonal patterns, which rose from post-harvest in winter and remained high until the subsequent planting in spring. Detailed surveys on depth distribution in an onion field detected a high population of S. terrestris in the effective layer (10–30 cm deep) but not below the hardpan (40 cm), implying that the fungus is intimately associated with roots. These results indicate that the proliferation of the fungus is closely related to root senescence and that over-wintered propagules play an important role in primary infections, affecting disease severity. The present study shows that the temporal dynamics of S. terrestris depend exclusively on the activity of infecting roots and provides circumstantial evidence on the deleterious impact of monoculture on crop production.