Effects and residual effects of straw,farmyard manuring,and mineral fertilization at Field F of the long‐term trial in Halle (Saale), Germany

The effects and residual effects of farmyard manure (FYM), straw fertilization and mineral N fertilization were investigated in Field F of the long‐term fertilization trial in Halle (Saale), Germany. With sufficient mineral N fertilization, FYM and straw did not directly affect yield. The application of FYM alone increased the yield of potato less than those of silage maize and sugar beet. With low mineral N fertilization, however, residual effects of FYM, applied to root crops, were observed in the following cereal crops. Application of more mineral N to root crops had the same residual effects. In case of omitted mineral N fertilization, the humus content of the soil decreased rapidly. This implies that almost no stable humic material had been accumulated by application of FYM and straw. The calculated N loss increased with enhanced organic fertilization. In case of mineral N fertilization the content of organic C (C_org) was slightly higher (1.4 to 1.5%) than without any N fertilization (1.3%). FYM and straw (with same amounts of dry matter) likewise enhanced the C_org‐content and, consequently, the content of decomposable C (C_dec). In general, organic fertilizers should not be applied in too large amounts to avoid N losses.     

The influence of fertilization and rotation on soil organic matter and plant yields in the long‐term Eternal Rye trial in Halle (Saale), Germany

Six forms of fertilizers and three rotations have been examined for 120 years in the ”︁Eternal Rye trial” in Halle (central German arid region, Haplic Phaeozem on sandy loess). Rank analysis, trend analysis and a new component model have been found to be suitable statistical methods to evaluate long‐term results without true replications. In this trial it was shown that mineral fertilization maintains like farmyard manuring the yield potential although at lower content of soil organic matter (SOM). Without fertilization, yield decline was greater with potato and silage maize than winter rye (Secale cereale L.). Deficiencies in N fertilization lead immediately, and in PK supply after more than 20 years, to a significant yield decrease which could be quickly compensated by full fertilization. Rye and maize monocultures also resulted in yield decreases. The establishing of new steady states in the turnover of SOM took about 50 years after changes in fertilization. Contrary to rye monoculture, both silage maize monoculture and potato alternating with winter rye caused considerable decomposition of SOM. According to analytical pyrolysis (Py‐FIMS and Py‐GC/MS), fertilization affects the SOM composition more than rotation. Without fertilization, a higher percentage of thermically stable SOM remained in comparison to the FYM soils. The introduction of potato into the rotation enhanced the content of easily decomposable SOM.     

The long‐term fertilization experiments in Halle (Saale), Germany — Introduction and survey

Six of originally eight long‐term trials in Halle (Saale), Germany, are still continuing. Five are situated at Julius‐Kühn‐Feld, an experimental station launched by Julius Kühn in Halle in 1866. Apart from the Eternal Rye trial established in 1878, those are phosphorus, potassium, lime, and organic fertilization long‐term trials, all being launched by Karl Schmalfuß in 1949. Other long‐term trials have been terminated, but data are available on the effects of nitrogen fertilization and the physiological reaction of fertilizers. Another long‐term trial in Halle (Adam‐Kuckhoff‐Straße 17b) investigates the influence of fertilization on soil formation from loess. Up to now, the major results are as follows: 1. Changes in soil‐ecological properties due to fertilization and rotation were only evident after 30 years, and new steady states sometimes took 70 years to occur. 2. In the long term, the C‐ and N‐contents of the soil largely depend on the amount of hardly decomposable organic matter applied with organic fertilization. High mineral‐N doses, with consequent high crop and root residues, increased the humus content of the soil. 3. Mineral fertilization can replace organic fertilization in terms of sustainable yield capacity provided equal nutrient amounts were applied. 4. The high P‐supply ability of the soil in Halle could not be explained by traditional soil analysis methods of calculating plant‐available P. With some restrictions, the same is valid for K. 5. At the experimental site, soluble salts (nitrate, sulphate) accumulated in the subsoil. 6. A regular lime demand of central German chernozems could be proved, especially in case of low soil organic matter (SOM) and physiologically acid fertilization.     

Fluctuating salinity effect on Sphoeroides annulatus (Jenyns 1842) physiological responses

Euryhaline fish, such as the Bullseye puffer Sphoeroides annulatus (Jenyns 1842), experience sudden salinity changes in their natural environment, which is more common than the exception, so they must adapt to survive and cope with extreme salt conditions. Therefore, Bullseye puffer juveniles were exposed to short‐term stress (39 hr) by fluctuating salinity conditions (41, 35, 29, 23, 17, 11, 5, 11, 17, 23, 29, 35, 41 psu) with a 3‐hr interval between each point at 26 ± 1ºC in a respirometer chamber and acclimation reservoirs. Responses to oxygen consumption rate (OCR: 23–35 mg O₂ h^–1 kg^–1), ammonium excretion rate (AER: 1–1.85 mg NH4⁺ h^?1 kg^?1), oxygen‐nitrogen atomic ratio (O:N 17–30), osmoregulatory pattern (blood osmotic pressure from 342.4 to 332.8 mmol/kg) and changes in expression levels of Na⁺/K⁺‐ATPase in the gills (higher values at higher salinities) were measured. Although some signs of stress were detected below the iso‐osmotic point (11.4 psu), the puffer fish is a strong euryhaline fish that survives under these conditions. Nonetheless, it could recover when salinity returned to the initial acclimation point because Sphoeroides annulatus is able to live in a wide range of environments with wide natural salinity fluctuations; thus, a common practice in aquaculture has been to expose fish to low salinity for several reasons discussed in this study. This capacity reveals its high plasticity to saline adaptation from 41 to 5 psu an up from 5 to 41 psu, all in less than 2 days.     

Forecast skill for predicting distribution shifts: A retrospective experiment for marine fishes in the Eastern Bering Sea

Forecasting distribution shifts under novel environmental conditions is a major task for ecologists and conservationists. Researchers forecast distribution shifts using several tools including: predicting from an empirical relationship between a summary of distribution (population centroid) and annual time series (“annual regression,” AR); or fitting a habitat‐envelope model to historical distribution and forecasting given predictions of future environmental conditions (“habitat envelope,” HE). However, surprisingly little research has estimated forecast skill by fitting to historical data, forecasting distribution shifts and comparing forecasts with subsequent observations of distribution shifts. I demonstrate the important role of retrospective skill testing by forecasting poleward movement over 1‐, 2‐ or 3‐year periods for 20 fish and crab species in the Eastern Bering Sea and comparing forecasts with observed shifts. I specifically introduce an alternative vector‐autoregressive spatio‐temporal (VAST) forecasting model, which can include species temperature responses, and compare skill for AR, HE and VAST forecasts. Results show that the HE forecast has 30%–43% greater variance than predicting that future distribution is identical to the estimated distribution in the final year (a “persistence” forecast). Meanwhile, the AR explains 2%–6% and VAST explains 8%–25% of variance in poleward movement, and both have better performance than a persistence forecast. HE and AR both generate forecast intervals that are too narrow, while VAST models with or without temperature have appropriate width for forecast intervals. Retrospective skill testing for more regions and taxa should be used as a test bed to guide future improvements in methods for forecasting distribution shifts.     

光照强度、通气量等因素对腊梅继代培养的影响

在腊梅继代培养中,探讨了影响光合作用的几种因素对植株生长的影响,结果表明：增加培养瓶内通气量(设置4个通气孔)、增强培养光照(7800 1x)、增加接种芽的功能叶片数（2片)、培养基中添加谷氨酸（10mg／L)均能增强植株的光合能力,使瓶苗具有旺盛的生长势、增殖系数提高到6．2。     

生物炭的10年土壤培肥效应

大量短期的室内试验和田间试验研究表明,施用生物炭可以增加土壤碳固定,提升土壤肥力和作物产量,然而关于生物炭的长期土壤肥力效应尚不明确。为此,依托持续10年的生物炭的田间定位试验[4个处理:对照(CK)、生物炭4. 5 t·hm-2·年-1(B4. 5)、生物炭9 t·hm-2·年-1(B9. 0)、秸秆还田(SR)],研究了长期施用生物炭对土壤肥力状况的影响。结果显示,与对照相比,长期施用生物炭和秸秆还田对土壤p H值没有显著影响,但容重降低了2. 2%～8. 2%,施用生物炭的土壤电导率降低了1. 5%～7. 8%,而秸秆还田处理土壤电导率提高了4. 7%～13. 4%。施炭和秸秆还田使土壤有机质(SOM)含量增加57. 7%～123. 1%,总氮含量提高11. 3%～21. 9%,总磷没有显著性变化。不同处理土壤NH+4-N含量的差异不显著,而施用生物炭和秸秆还田土壤NO-3-N含量增加3. 8%～67. 1%,且高炭处理的效果显著。土壤有效磷含量显著降低了23. 1%～42. 0%,速效钾含量上升了2. 0%～23. 1%。总体而言,长期施用生物炭提升了土壤肥力,尤其是对土壤有机质的提升有显著的效果。     

长期继代蝴蝶兰类原球茎对抗氧化剂的生理响应及DNA稳定性分析

为了解抗氧化剂减缓长期继代蝴蝶兰类原球茎衰老的机理,本实验在培养基添加抗氧化剂100 mg/L半胱氨酸和8 g/L甘露醇继代类原球茎24个月,分析其相关氧化指标及DNA稳定性。结果表明,类原球茎培养期间处理组总活性氧水平变化趋势与对照组不同,处理组比对照组低,对照组总活性氧水平消长趋势与超氧阴离子(O_2~-)生成速率较为一致,处理组则与羟自由基(·OH)相对含量的消长趋势较一致。继代期间丙二醛含量变化趋势与总活性氧水平变化趋势相似,处理组比对照组低。类原球茎DNA的SRAP分析结果表明,继代培养期间处理组与对照组间均未发生明显的DNA差异。类原球茎DNA甲基化程度变化趋势与总活性氧水平变化大体相同,中后期处理组比对照组低。     

猕猴桃AFLP分析体系的建立及其组培变异苗的动态检测

为减少猕猴桃组培过程中变异苗带来的损失,对‘Hort 16A’猕猴桃组培继代苗进行AFLP动态监测。通过试验建立了猕猴桃基因组DNA多态性的AFLP分析体系,并对R7 R11五代75个样本进行遗传多样性分析。研究结果表明：AFLP分析体系DNA最适用量为300 ng,内切酶最适用量为1 U,酶切最适时间为4 h,T4 DNA ligase最适用量为1 U,adpter最适用量为15 μL,ATP最适用量为2 μL,预扩增引物（100 μmol·L-1）最适用量为08 μL,选择性扩增Taq酶最适用量为025 μL （5 000 U·mL-1）,筛选出条带数最多的引物有8对。在遗传多样性分性中,共得到494个条带,其中多态性条带为310条,多态性比例为627%。猕猴桃组培苗继代到第9代还能较好地保持基因遗传稳定性,从第10代开始,变异率随着继代次数的增加呈明显上升趋势。     

长期施肥对洞庭湖双季稻区水稻土有机碳、氮积累及其活性的影响

【目的】土壤有机质及其活性是评价土壤肥力的重要指标,研究洞庭湖区典型双季稻轮作水稻土总有机碳、全氮积累及其活性对长期不同施肥的响应特征,为稻田施肥管理和土壤培肥提供科学依据。【方法】依托国家稻田土壤肥力与施肥效应长期试验平台,以不施肥处理（CK）为对照,研究农户习惯施氮磷钾化肥（CF）、施氮钾化肥（NK）、均衡施氮磷钾化肥（NPK）、低量有机肥与氮磷钾化肥配施（LOM,有机肥氮比例为30%）、高量有机肥与氮磷钾化肥配施（HOM,有机肥氮比例为60%）影响下0-20和20-40 cm土层土壤总有机碳（TOC）、全氮（TN）含量及储量积累效应、有机碳氮活性组分含量及其比例的变化特征。【结果】26年不施肥0-20 cm土层土壤TOC含量基本稳定,仅较原始土壤增加0.64 g·kg^-1,持续植稻可能是其保持稳定的重要原因。两土层土壤TOC、TN含量在长期不同施肥后均有显著增加（P＜0.05）,但其储量仅仅在均衡施氮磷钾化肥特别是与有机肥配施后显著提升（P＜0.05）。0-40 cm土层土壤微生物量碳（MBC）、微生物量氮（MBN）、溶解性有机碳（DOC）、溶解性有机氮（DON）含量变幅分别为64.54-708.76、22.92-92.25、39.06-63.24、10.76-31.87 mg·kg^-1,均随土层加深而下降。施肥后0-20 cm土层土壤MBC、MBN、DOC、DON含量提高34.1%-81.8%、56.1%-134.4%、23.5%-42.0%、20.3%-83.2%,20-40 cm土层则分别提高-3.8%-38.1%、32.5%-78.2%、8.2%-37.5%、9.3%-56.8%,施肥对相同土层土壤MBC、MBN、DOC、DON含量的增加效应均表现出氮磷钾化肥配施有机肥明显优于化肥单施的处理效应,但不同化肥处理间0-20 cm土层土壤微生物量碳氮、溶解性有机碳氮含量差异不显著（P＞0.05）。随土层加深,土壤MBC/TOC、MBN/TN、DON/TN数值显著降低,而DOC/TOC值则有所增加。长期不同施肥有利于提升土壤总有机碳、全氮中活性组分比例,且以氮磷钾化肥配施有机肥处理效果最佳,其两土层土壤总有机碳、全氮中各活性碳氮组分的分配比例均较CK处理显著提高（P＜0.05）,且该效应随有机肥用量增加而增强。土壤MBC、MBN、DOC、DON两两之间及与土壤总有机碳、全氮、容重、pH具有显著或极显著相关性,与碳氮比、粘粒含量的相关关系不显著,但总体以土壤微生物量碳氮所获相关系数高于溶解性有机碳氮。施肥明显提高早、晚稻产量,两土层MBC、MBN、DOC、DON均与周年水稻产量呈现正相关性,但相关系数总体上随土层加深而明显降低（P＜0.05）。【结论】在洞庭湖双季稻区,长期不同施肥后,相同类型土壤活性有机质组分中活性氮组分含量增加较活性碳组分更明显,氮磷钾化肥配施有机肥能显著提高0-40 cm土层土壤有机碳、氮活性,更有利于土壤总有机碳氮积累及生产力提升,土壤微生物量碳氮可更敏感地预测长期施肥影响下土壤质量的变化。