饲料中抗营养因子--单宁的含量分析方法

针对近年来单宁在动物营养上的最新研究成果,本文重点阐述了饲料中缩合单宁、可水解单宁和总酚类化合物的分析方法。旨在为更好地利用含单宁饲料提供参考。     

甘肃天祝高寒地区5种灌木中酚类物质含量的研究

对甘肃天祝金强河高寒地区5种灌木中的酚类物质含量进行了测定和比较分析。结果表明,不同的灌木品种其酚类物质的含量不同。藏沙棘总酚,单宁和缩合单宁的干物质含量均高于其他灌木,分别高达69.67,63.34和42.45 g/kg,而其简单酚的干物质含量最低,仅为4.27 g/kg。窄叶鲜卑木的酚类物质含量较低,与其他灌木相比差异极显著(P<0.01)。相关性分析表明,单宁和简单酚含量呈显著的正相关关系(r=0.94,P<0.01),与缩合单宁的相关系数为r=0.82(P<0.05),而简单酚与缩合单宁含量呈不显著的负相关关系。     

钨酸钠-磷钼酸比色分光光度法测定饲料中的单宁

试验研究了用丙酮溶液提取饲料中单宁,溶液经过滤后,取滤液加钨酸钠-磷钼酸混合溶液,显色后,在760 nm波长处测定吸光度值,标准曲线法测定饲料中单宁含量。单宁在0.50～6.00 mg/l浓度范围内与吸光度值呈良好的线性关系,线性回归方程为A=0.056 48×C+0.001 08,相关系数为0.999 7,方法的检出限为17.5 mg/kg。该方法操作简便、快速、结果准确,应用于饲料中单宁的测定,结果满意。     

Mechanisms and metabolomics of the host–pathogen interactions between Chestnut (Castanea species) and Chestnut blight (Cryphonectria parasitica)

Chestnut blight is a stem‐girdling disease of Castanea caused by the fungal pathogen Cryphonectria parasitica. Chestnut blight affects all Castanea species to some degree. In Asian species, chestnut blight is a commercially relevant disease which primarily affects nut production. In American and European species, chestnut blight has caused significant declines in wild populations and continues to negatively affect nut production in the European chestnut (C. sativa). Despite the profound effect of this disease in the Castanea genus, very little is known concerning the factors involved in the host–pathogen interaction between C. parasitica and its Castanea hosts. This review summarizes information on known mechanisms and metabolites involved in the host–pathogen interaction and contributes original information on the pathogen in relation to susceptible and putatively resistant genotypes with a view to furthering research that will promote a better understanding of this devastating disease and enable its control.     

Seasonal changes in feed intake,diet digestibility and diet composition by lactating and non‐lactating goats browsing in a semi‐arid rangeland of Argentina

We determined the seasonal nutrient and secondary compound intake, in vivo diet digestibility (DD) and diet species composition of goats in different physiological states in a desert rangeland of Argentina. During the wet and the dry seasons, 24 mature female Creole goats (six non‐lactating, non‐pregnant and six lactating in each season) were used in a 2 × 2 factorial design. Diet botanical composition, DD and dry‐matter intake (DMI) were estimated by the combined use of visual observation, microhistological analyses of faecal samples and n‐alkane technique. Browse species dominated the goats’ diets (>80%) in both seasons and physiological states, with a twofold increase in the proportion of forbs during the wet season (p < 0.10). Lactating goats showed greater DMI than non‐lactating animals, and they also displayed greater intakes of some tanniferous (Mimosa ephedroides) and high‐protein (Atriplex lampa) shrubs (p < 0.10). Lactating and non‐lactating goats selected diets with adequate crude protein (CP) and fibre content but insufficient energy, although lactating goats tended to increase energy and tannin content in their diets (p < 0.20). Physiological state did not influence DD, but digestibility was greater (p < 0.10) in the wet season, attributed to the greater protein content and lower tannin content of the diet. These results have important implications for managerial interventions on traditional goat production systems in the study area aiming at enhancing goat nutrition and welfare, as well as the sustainability of rangeland resources in the region.     

植物乳杆菌和含水量对辣木叶青贮品质和单宁含量的影响

试验旨在探讨含水量和添加植物乳杆菌对辣木叶青贮品质、单宁含量的影响。采用双因素(水分×植物乳杆菌)完全随机设计,含水量分别为60%、70%和75%,植物乳杆菌设置添加组(1×10^6 cfu·g^-1鲜样)和对照组。分别于青贮的60和120 d,开袋取样测定发酵品质、蛋白组分和单宁含量。辣木叶干物质中粗蛋白(CP)含量为16.72%,可溶性碳水化合物(WSC)含量为10.72%。含水量对辣木叶青贮品质有显著影响,70%含水量组与60%水量组相比,氨态氮(NH3-N)、氨基酸类游离氮(FAA)、乙酸(AA)、丙酸(PA)和乳酸(LP)含量均显著降低(P<0.05);在70%含水量条件下,添加植物乳杆菌,有机酸(LA、AA、PA)含量显著升高(P<0.05),乳酸菌(LAB)和酵母菌(Yeast)数目显著降低(P<0.05);发酵60 d时,在60%和75%含水量条件下,添加植物乳杆菌,pH值显著降低(P<0.05);所有处理的大肠杆菌数量均小于2.0 log cfu·g^-1FM。不同含水量和植物乳杆菌对辣木叶青贮后单宁含量均有降低作用,但无显著差异(P>0.05)。辣木叶蛋白丰富,易于调制青贮饲料,70%含水量和添加植物乳杆菌对辣木叶青贮品质有明显的改善作用,对降解单宁含量并未产生显著影响。     

不同盐度条件下秋茄根系单宁含量动态变化

对不同盐度(0‰-40‰)栽培下秋茄根的总酚、可溶性缩合单宁、结合缩合单宁、总缩合单宁的含量进行测定,探讨盐度对单宁生产的效应.结果表明:(1)不同盐度下栽培60-135d,总酚含量在相同盐度条件下随栽培时间的延长呈现出先波动而后升高的趋势,其中总酚最高含量出现在高盐度,说明一定的高盐度胁迫可以促进总酚的合成;总缩合单宁与可溶性缩合单宁含量变化趋势相似,其中可溶性缩合单宁含量显著高于结合缩合单宁.(2)在15‰盐度下栽培75-135d,秋茄根不同部位的总酚、可溶性缩合单宁、结合缩合单宁和总缩合单宁含量有相似的变化趋势,即由根尖往远离根尖的部位呈下降趋势.     

The effect of supplementing leaves of four tannin‐rich plant species with polyethylene glycol on digestibility and zootechnical performance of zebu bulls (Bos indicus)

The effect of supplementing leaves of four tannin‐rich plant species with polyethylene glycol 6000 (PEG) on nutrient intake and digestibility as well as on weight gain, feed conversion ratio (FCR) and N retention of zebu bulls (Bos indicus) was studied. Leaves of Albizia gummifera, Grewia ferruginea, Prunus africana and Syzygium guineense, containing, respectively, 85, 55, 76 and 172 g condensed tannins (CT) per kg dry matter (DM), were combined with natural pasture hay in a ratio of 40:60 on DM basis. The four diets were fed both without and with addition of PEG, at a dose of 40 g per kg DM, to eight zebu bulls during trials of 25 days in an 8 × 8 randomized crossover design. Supplementation with PEG increased nutrient intake, digestibility, FCR, N retention and average daily gain (p < 0.01). A diet × PEG interaction was observed for nutrient intake as well as for crude protein, neutral detergent fibre and acid detergent fibre digestibility (p < 0.05), but the effect size of PEG addition could not be attributed to the CT content as such, and also digestibility without PEG was not related to CT content of the diets. The reason why the efficacy of PEG addition did not relate to the CT content pointed the need to evaluate other factors that can help to predict the efficacy of PEG, for example, tannin type or interaction with other nutrients.     

柿自然脱涩能力与单宁细胞发育规律的研究

研究了三种不同甘、涩类型柿果实中可溶性单宁含量，单宁细胞和薄壁细胞发育规律，结果表明，完全甜柿和不完全甜柿的主要脱涩期明显不同，前者在果实发育的早期，后者在近熟期；完全甜柿自然脱涩主要是由于薄壁细胞的持续增大和单宁铁早期停止发育，造成单宁细胞占果肉面积比下降所致，而不完全甜柿的树上脱涩主要依赖果实成熟前单宁的凝固作用。     

单宁酸对猪卵母细胞体外成熟及胚胎发育能力的影响

研究旨在探讨单宁酸对猪卵母细胞体外成熟质量及其胚胎发育能力的影响。在猪卵丘卵母细胞复合体（COCs）体外成熟培养液中添加不同浓度（0、1、10、100 μg/mL）单宁酸培养42 h后,检测COCs的扩散程度和卵丘细胞扩散指数,统计COCs的体外成熟率,检测成熟卵母细胞内谷胱甘肽（glutathione,GSH）、活性氧（reactive oxygen species,ROS）和生长分化因子9（growth differentiation factor 9,GDF9）的水平,并统计孤雌激活及体外受精胚胎48和168 h的卵裂率、囊胚率及囊胚总细胞数。结果显示,与对照组相比,10 μg/mL单宁酸组卵丘细胞扩散指数显著提高（P<0.05）,100 μg/mL单宁酸组显著降低（P<0.05）;1和10 μg/mL单宁酸组卵母细胞成熟率差异不显著（P>0.05）,100 μg/mL单宁酸组卵母细胞成熟率显著降低（P<0.05）;1和10 μg/mL单宁酸组GSH和GDF9水平显著提高（P<0.05）,ROS水平显著降低（P<0.05）。孤雌胚胎和体外受精胚胎发育能力结果显示,与对照组相比,各单宁酸组卵裂率差异不显著（P>0.05）,10 μg/mL单宁酸组孤雌胚胎囊胚率及体外受精胚胎囊胚率显著提高（P<0.05）,100 μg/mL单宁酸组孤雌胚胎囊胚细胞数及体外受精胚胎囊胚细胞数均显著低于其他各组（P<0.05）。以上结果表明,10 μg/mL单宁酸可通过提高卵丘细胞扩散能力及GSH和GDF9水平、降低卵母细胞内ROS水平,改善猪卵母细胞成熟质量,提高孤雌胚胎及体外受精胚胎的发育能力。