自然条件下不同出生期布氏田鼠寿命的研究

1994－08～1996－10对内蒙古太仆寺旗不同出生期376只布氏四鼠幼鼠的标志跟踪,编制了动态寿命表。以此探讨了该鼠种群不同出生期的期望寿命（ex）及其在种群更替中的作用。结果表明,该鼠平均ex为4．09个月,最长存活期为13个月。春季繁殖的第1窝鼠平均ex为5．11个月;当其长到20g时即可参加繁殖,这窝鼠有89．6％的个体在翌年春季前死亡;越冬个体在翌年仍可繁殖1次。夏季出生的第2窝鼠ex为3．56个月,其中有20．8％的个体越冬,在翌年春季与第3窝鼠同为主要繁殖力量。夏末出生的第3窝鼠ex为4．48个月,当年不参加繁殖,27％～39％个体可越冬并参加翌年繁殖,可连续繁殖2窝。     

Review of Measurement Technologies for Air Pollutants at Livestock and Poultry Farms

With the intensification of livestock breeding, the air quality problem of livestock farms caused by high density breeding is becoming more and more serious. Animal husbandry has become one of the important sources of air pollutants in China. Air emitted from most intensive livestock houses contains a large amount of pollutants, including ammonia, sulfides, particulate matters (PM), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which not only poses a big threat to animals and workers in livestock farms, but also spreads to the surrounding environment resulting in air pollution. Scientific and applicable air pollutants measuring methods are the basis of monitoring and controlling air pollution in livestock and poultry farms. In this article, the detection methods of livestock farming related hazardous gases (e.g., NH₃, H₂S), greenhouse gases, particulate matters and odor were summarized. The detection methods of hazardous gases in livestock houses mainly include chemical analysis, semiconductor gas sensor detection, spectroscopic methodology and mass spectrometry. The wet-chemical method is cheap and can detect gases sensitively and accurately, while it cannot detect gases in real time, and the process is time-consuming and labor-intensive. The gas tube is cheap and easy to operate, but the deviation is great. Electrochemical sensor is of high sensitivity, moderate cost and can be used to detect gas concentration continuously, however, the devices are easy to age. Spectrum method and mass spectrometry can detect gas quickly and accurately, but it is not suitable for conventional air detection of productive livestock farming due to its high costs. In this paper, the detection methods of greenhouse gases (e.g., CH₄, CO₂) generated from animal intestinal fermentation and livestock environment were also summarized. It is hard to conclude an accurate detection of greenhouse gases in animal husbandry, because the concentrations of greenhouse gases in animal husbandry changes all the time (diurnal and seasonal) and are related to other factors including sampling points. No international common testing method and measurement standard are concluded till now, therefore, the research of greenhouse gases detection method and standard in animal husbandry should be carried out as soon as possible. The detection methods of particulate matters (PM) in livestock farms were reviewed from three aspects: physical, chemical and biological characteristics. PM contains complex components in livestock farms, therefore, it is highly needed to improve PM detection technology. Besides, the component analysis and sensory analysis of odorous substances in livestock farms were overviewed. The odor analysis of professional olfactory discernment personnel owns stronger subjectivity and costs higher than gas chromatography- mass spectrometry. While, using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry is unable to determine all gaseous organic compounds with one sample. Combining gas chromatography and dynamic olfactometer can be more efficient for comprehensive analysis of odor samples. In this article, detection methods and techniques of air pollutants in animal husbandry were comprehensively reviewed to provide a reference for the development of air pollutants detection technologies in livestock and poultry breeding in China.     

第二代菜粉蝶自然种群生命表的研究

制作了第二代菜粉蝶ＰｉｅｒｉｓｒａｐａｅＬ．５年的自然种群生命表，求得了各年份的种群趋势指数，分别为１．２１、１．２７、２．９２、１．９７和１．８１；分析了其存活率曲线及类属于“Ｃ”型（Ｏ－ｄｕｍ，１９７８）。分析了影响菜粉蝶自然种群数量变动的关键因子，即蛹期被寄生性天敌寄生。应用Ｍｏｒｒｉｓ—Ｗａｔｔ模型，建立了菜粉蝶发生量预测式。     

黄山松球果生命表的研究

１９９２－１９９４年，在浙江省天台县华顶林场北山区铁泉湖黄山松种子园研究了黄山松球果生命表。结果表明，从雌球花开放球果成熟过程中，导致球果死亡的主要因子是松实小卷蛾幼虫的危害。     

棉花苗蚜特定时间生命表及其防治指标的研究

该技术体系包括３部分内容：１）棉花苗蚜特定时间生命表及其应用系统；内含小苗期和大苗期２个特定时间生命表，可根据生命表中的生命期望值（ＥＸ）大于１来确定防治关键期，用它指导防治苗蚜，可减少用药１～３次；２）棉花苗蚜为害程度与产量损失优化模型系统。即卷叶株率（ｘ）与产量损失（ｙ）的优化模型：小苗期ｙ（１～３真叶期）＝－０．３８９０＋０．３８８６Ｘ，大苗期为（ｙ）（４～８真叶期）＝９．５６６２＋０．２３０７ｘ，其小苗期和大苗期经济允许为害损失水平分别为４．１３％和１５．９％．３）其卷叶株率（ｙ）与百株蚜量（ｘ）的回归预测式为：小苗期为ｙ（１～３真叶期）＝４．２３８４＋０．０３５１Ｘ，大苗期为ｙ（４～８真叶期）＝１８．６３２６＋０．００６９Ｘ．因此，在中低产棉区，棉花苗蚜小苗期的防治指标为卷叶株率１１．６７％或百株蚜量２１２头，大苗期苗蚜防治指标为卷叶株率２７．４６％或百株蚜量１４６０头。     

鲜食玉米速冻加工研究进展

主要阐述了鲜食玉米速冻加工的历史、现状及存在的问题 ,并对鲜食玉米乳熟期各主要营养成分的变化作了系统说明 ,最后阐明了影响鲜食玉米速冻加工品质的主要因素     

H5亚型禽流感灭活疫苗的研制

以H5N1亚型禽流感病毒接种鸡胚，收取鸡胚液为抗原研制了禽流感灭活疫苗，并对制苗抗原以及疫苗的物理性状、安全性、免疫效力、免疫剂量和保护期等进行了试验。结果表明，获得了较高效价的制苗抗原．灭活前后HA分别为2^10.0-11.0和2^9.0-10.0。试制疫苗物理性状符合要求，安全性良好。试验鸡在免疫14d后血清抗体达到2^7.5，210d血清HI抗体仍维持在2^5.0左右；免疫后18d使用高致病性H5亚型禽流感病毒攻毒，获得100％的保护。分别使用0．1，0．3和0．5mL免疫鸡，发现0．3～0．5mL剂量组免疫后血清抗体达到2^7.4-8.0。疫苗在2～8℃保存540d，疫苗物理性状没有改变，免疫后血清HI抗体可以达到2^7.5。这提示研制的疫苗可以有效控制禽流感H5亚型的流行。     

基于原型网络的小样本禽蛋图像特征检测方法

机器视觉因具有检测速度快、稳定性高及成本低等优点,已发展成为禽蛋无损检测领域主流检测手段。使用该技术对禽蛋进行无损检测时,需要依赖大量禽蛋图像作为数据支撑才能取得较好的检测效果。由于养殖安全等限制,禽蛋图像数据的采集成本较高,针对该问题,提出了一种适应于小样本禽蛋图像检测的原型网络（Prototypical network）。该网络利用引入注意力机制的逆残差结构搭建的卷积神经网络将不同类别的禽蛋图像映射至嵌入空间,并利用欧氏距离度量测试禽蛋图像在嵌入空间的类别,从而完成禽蛋图像的分类。本文利用该网络分别验证了小样本条件下受精蛋与无精蛋、双黄蛋与单黄蛋及裂纹蛋与正常蛋的分类检测效果,其检测精度分别为95%、98%、88%。试验结果表明本文方法能够有效地解决禽蛋图像检测中样本不足的问题,为禽蛋图像无损检测研究提供了新的思路。     

蚯蚓堆肥对畜禽粪污耐药基因的影响研究进展

抗生素耐药基因作为一种新型环境污染物,严重威胁着人体健康与动物安全,与其直接相关的细菌耐药性问题也已成为目前世界环境与医学领域关注的焦点。畜禽养殖业是我国经济发展和农业现代化的中轴产业,同时也是耐药基因污染的重要源头,蚯蚓堆肥对合理利用畜禽粪便、促进我国农业绿色发展具有重要意义,而摸清蚯蚓堆肥畜禽粪便及后续产物利用过程中耐药基因的行为规律和环境归趋则是其合理利用的关键。本文在简要论述蚯蚓堆肥畜禽粪便现状的基础上,聚焦蚯蚓堆肥及产物利用过程中耐药基因污染问题,梳理总结了转化及产物利用过程中耐药基因的污染赋存特征、环境行为规律及迁移主控因子,并提出基于“畜禽粪便-蚯蚓堆肥-蚓粪还田”资源化利用全过程的耐药基因污染防控建议及展望,以期为我国畜禽粪便资源化、无害化利用及农业绿色发展提供参考。     

朝阳地区杨树二元立木材积表的编制

杨树是朝阳地区的主要用材树种，为准确估测杨树林分的蓄积，需要编制二元立木材积表，通过外业标准地调查，取得1527株样木数据，用1227株建立了元立木材积模型，并用300株进行了适用性检验，结果表明，该材积模型适用于朝阳地区，有精度很高，据此编制了朝阳地区杨树二元立木材积表。