油菜精量集中排种器电驱控制系统设计与试验

为适应丘陵区油菜机械化精量播种要求,针对地轮驱动致使传动系统复杂或滑移影响播种精度的问题,设计了一种油菜电驱排种控制系统。该系统集成无线蓝牙传输模块、单片机模块和Android终端平台开发,采用优化PID算法,实现集排器转速随作业速度的同步控制和自动调节播种穴距。台架试验研究了油菜电驱排种控制系统的控制精度和排种性能,当集排器转速为10～55 r·min~(-1)时,实际转速与理论转速的平均偏差均小于1.5%,且转速的变异系数均小于2.0%,稳定性较好;当穴距和作业速度分别为60～180 mm和1.6～3.2 km·h~(-1)时,穴距均匀性变异系数均低于15.0%。该系统实现了集排器电驱条件下播种穴距的同步调节,为油菜轻简化精量播种机的排种控制系统设计提供了参考。     

积水在成品油管道中的运动状态

为解决国内成品油管道因积水产生的内腐蚀问题,建立了室内实验环道,通过高速摄像等方法,对低洼-爬坡成品油管段内积水的运动状态进行研究,分析了积水量、油品流速对积水运动状态的影响。结果表明:积水在成品油管道中的运动状态不同于传统的油水两相流,在不同管段呈现不同的流型。由于成品油与积水的密度差较大,在上倾管段中,受成品油携带作用与重力作用的影响,积水在管道底部达到动态平衡,因此难以排出管道。积水在成品油管道中的运动状态研究成果,可为进一步研究积水的排除方法,减少管道的内腐蚀提供实验依据。     

Insertion site of FLAG on foot-and-mouth disease virus VP1 G-H loop affects immunogenicity of FLAG

The G-H loop of the foot-and-mouth disease virus(FMDV) virion contains certain dominant immunogenic epitopes, as well as an arginine-glycine-aspartic acid(RGD) motif that is recognized by cell surface integrin receptors. Previous experiments indicate that it is critical to maintain virus structural integrity when inserting an exogenous epitope into the surface of an FMDV structural protein. However, it remains to be determined how factors such as different insertion positions affect interactions among the virus, cells and host immune system. In this study, one infectious c DNA clone of the swine FMDV Cathay topotype strain O/CHA/90 was constructed. Then, a FLAG marker(DYKDDDDK) was inserted upstream(–4) or downstream(+10) of the RGD motif to generate tagged viruses vFLAG-O/CHA/90 or vO/CHA/90-FLAG, investigating the possibility of expressing foreign antigen and effect on its immunogenicity. Compared to the parental virus, both tagged viruses exhibited similar plaque phenotypes, suckling mouse pathogenicity and antigenicity. Additionally, the FLAGtag insertion position did not change the use of integrin-mediated cell entry by the tagged viruses. Interestingly, both tagged vaccines protected pigs against challenge with the parental virus O/CHA/90 and induced immune responses against FMDV in BALB/c mice and pigs, but only vaccination with vFLAG-O/CHA/90 generated anti-FLAG antibodies. Our findings demonstrated that two sites(RGD–4 and RGD+10) tolerated the insertion of an exogenous gene in the swine FMDV O/CHA/90 strain. However, only RGD–4 was a novel and appropriate inserting site which could tolerate exogenous FLAG. The resultant tagged virus is a promising candidate for FMD vaccine which can be differentiating infected from vaccinated animals(DIVA).     

烯丙孕素内服溶液的临床药效和靶动物安全性研究

研究国产烯丙孕素内服溶液的临床药效和靶动物安全性,为其新兽药注册和临床合理应用提供依据。通过发情间隔、发情率、发情集中度、妊娠率等指标评价烯丙孕素内服溶液调控母猪同期发情的临床效果;通过比较给药前后的临床体征、血常规指标、血清生化指标及组织病理学变化,评价烯丙孕素内服溶液对靶动物母猪的安全性。实验性临床试验中,国产烯丙孕素内服溶液高（25 mg·d-1）、中（20 mg·d-1）、低（10 mg·d-1）剂量组以及空白对照组的母猪从停药到出现发情反应的间隔时间分别为（3.45±0.81）（3.35±0.66）（5.21±2.65）和（11.71±5.39）d,发情率分别为100%（20/20）、100%（20/20）、95%（19/20）、70%（7/10）。扩大临床试验中,国产烯丙孕素内服溶液组和进口药物对照组的母猪在药物调控下均表现出良好的同期发情效果,发情间隔分别为（3.59±1.07）d和（3.75±1.22）d,发情率分别为96.72%（59/61）和98.33%（59/60）。靶动物安全性试验中,国产烯丙孕素内服溶液在5倍推荐剂量（100 mg·d-1）范围内对母猪的血液生理生化功能和主要脏器未造成明显的不良影响。结果表明,国产烯丙孕素内服溶液调控母猪同期发情,一次量20 mg,连续给药18 d,临床应用安全、有效。     

风送式集中排肥系统的设计与试验

针对外槽轮排肥装置施肥作业均匀性不高的问题,设计一种风送式集中排肥装置及同步施肥控制系统。通过台架试验比较直槽、交错槽和螺旋槽3种排肥轮结构的排肥性能,并建立排肥轮转速与排肥速率的线性回归方程;基于北斗+GPS系统和限幅平均滤波算法提高行驶速度的监测精度,并据此开发施肥控制系统。结果表明：1)排肥轮转速为10～60 r/min时,螺旋槽结构排肥轮具有较好的排肥性能,排肥量稳定性变异系数和各行排肥量一致性变异系数分别为0.15%和1.57%,排肥量均匀性变异系数<4%。2)排肥轮转速<60 r/min时,施肥控制系统的施肥调整响应时间<0.85 s;当理论施肥量和平均作业速度分别为300～600 kg/hm²和5.22 km/h时,施肥准确率>95%。该风送式集中排肥装置及施肥控制系统可以实现同步、精量和均匀施肥作业。     

减阻剂室外埋地评价环道及瞬态模型

针对减阻剂室内评价环道存在的问题,设计安装了管径159mm、长300m的室外埋地评价环道,其管径、长度、油品流速更接近于实际管道.该装置采用高压氮气作为动力源,测试段沿线布设高精度压力传感器和高频压力传感器,测试段出口设有超声波流量计,同时安装有耐压罐和常压罐.由于在环道评价试验中装置的压力不断变化,因此建立了试验过程氮气管路、油品管路、氮气罐、耐压罐的瞬态模型,使用VB语言编制了计算程序,用以计算不同粘度和初始压力下的油品流速和压力变化,雷诺数范围和试验时间,判断试验条件的可行性.     

Enhanced kernel set promoted by synchronous pollination determines a tradeoff between kernel number and kernel weight in temperate maize hybrids

Maize (Zea mays L.) grain yield is strongly related to the number of harvested kernels, where kernel number can be increased by synchronously pollinating silks rather than allowing them to be progressively pollinated as they naturally appear from the husks. However, there is scarce evidence on how this practice affects kernel weight (KW) and plant grain yield (PGY), and no report exists on its effects when combined with treatments aimed to reduce apical dominance, like male sterility and detasseling. Field experiments were conducted in two growing seasons (Exp₁ and Exp₂) using two hybrids, cropped at contrasting stand densities (3 and 9 plants per m²) and including (i) male-fertile and male-sterile versions, (ii) tasseled and detasseled plants, and (iii) natural (NP) and synchronous pollination (SP; pollen added manually to ears bagged 5 days after initial silking) systems. Tassel growth of sterile and fertile versions was also evaluated in a separate experiment (Exp₃). Detasseling increased the number of ears per plant reaching silking (P < 0.001) of NP plants, but this beneficial effect of reduced apical dominance did not improve kernel number per plant (KNP) or PGY. Similarly, the early arrest of anther growth in male-sterile plants had no clear benefit on KNP. In contrast, KNP was enhanced by synchronous pollination (range between −13% and +71%; average of +15.4% in Exp₁ and +3.9% in Exp₂). However, this pollination system promoted a decreased in KW (range between −30% and +4%; average of −11.8% in Exp₁ and −7.8 in Exp₂) such that the treatment had no effect on PGY (range between −19% and +37%; average of +1% in Exp₁ and −4% in Exp₂). Because plant growth rate around flowering was not different between pollination treatments, assimilate availability per kernel was reduced from ovary fertilization onwards in synchronously pollinated plants when compared to open pollinated plants. This explains the reduced KW when increasing KNP by synchronous pollination. In summary, none of the imposed treatments allowed grain yield to be increased at the plant level.     

Genetic diversity decreases as population density declines: Implications of temporal variation in mitochondrial haplotype frequencies in a natural population of Tscherskia triton

Although the spatial genetic differentiation that occurs in animal populations has been extensively studied, information on temporal variations in genetic structure and diversity is still lacking, especially for animals with oscillating populations. In the present study, we used the mtDNA D‐loop sequence to assess the temporal genetic variation in samples from six successive years for the greater long‐tailed hamster, Tscherskia triton. Sampling was carried out between 1998 and 2003 in cropland on the North China Plain, China. A total of 108 individuals were analyzed. The temporal samples showed a high level of genetic diversity. Substantial genetic changes in haplotype frequencies over time were detected for the hamster population. Random genetic drift and migration are likely to be the major factors responsible for the observed temporal pattern. The genetic diversity of the hamster population was higher in years with higher population density, and lower in years with lower population density. The result supports our hypothesis that genetic diversity decreases when population density declines in animals whose population oscillates greatly between years. The combined effects of inbreeding and genetic drift caused by reproduction, dispersal and population size might play important roles in the observed changes in genetic structure and diversity between years.     

永磁同步电动机的全数字式控制系统

提出了一种永磁同步电动机直接转矩控制的全数字化实施方案，电流环采用了滞环控制技术，电流调节频率达到１０ｋＨｚ，为构成永磁同步电动机全数字式交流伺服系统创造了有力条件。     

花生非淀粉多糖和抗氧化肽同步提取技术研究

研究米曲霉和酿酒酵母混合固态发酵热榨花生粕同步提取花生非淀粉多糖和抗氧化肽,为花生粕的高值化利用提供理论基础。以发酵产物的可溶性氮浓度、1,1-二苯基苦基苯肼(DPPH)自由基清除率、羟自由基清除率和非淀粉多糖得率为考察指标,研究了菌种比例、接种量、营养盐溶液量、发酵温度、发酵时间、水浴温度和水浴时间对发酵效果的影响,确定最佳工艺条件为:菌种比例1∶2,接种量3mL,营养盐溶液添加量30mL,发酵温度33℃,发酵时间42h,水浴温度40℃,水浴时间6h。此工艺下发酵产物的可溶性氮浓度为46.32mg/mL、DPPH自由基清除率为71.90%、羟自由基清除率为96.96%、非淀粉多糖得率为4.36%。发酵产物经乙醇沉淀和超滤分离得到的花生非淀粉多糖和抗氧化肽产品具有清除自由基、抑制脂质过氧化、金属离子螯合力和还原力等4大类抗氧化活性。