重庆酸性紫色土马铃薯的高产优质与养分平衡

Over a period of two years,field experiments were conducted on four silty loam soils grown with foliar vegetable crops inculding Chinese cabbage(Brassica pekingensis Rupr.,cv.Lu-Bai 3),autumn greens (B.chinensis L.,cv.Piao-Geng-Bai),winter greens(B.var.rosularis Tsen et Lee,cv,You-Dong-Er),and summer greens(B.chinensis L.,cv.Zao-Shu5),respectively,Each eperimpent included one CK treatment without K,N and Pfertilizers applied,and four treatments with from low to high doses,0-300 kg hm^-2 for Chinese cabbage,0-150 kg hm^-2 for autumm and winter greens and 0-180 kg hm^-2 for summer greens,of K fertilizers in the form of sulfate of potash(SOP)applied together with N and P fertlizers,One treatment of K fertilizer in the form of muriate of potash(MOP) applied at high levels(150 or 180 g hm^-2)together with N and P fertilizers was included in the experiments of autumn,winter and summer greens ,respectively,in order to compare the effcts of SOP and MOP ,The market yields of the tested crops incresaed significantly with the increasing rate of K application.The crops supplied with K fertilizers yielded more stably as the CV% of their yields decreased with the rate of K application.K fertilization increased not only K contents but also the amounts of N ,P and K absorbed in shoots of autumn,winter and summer greens,which were atatistically significantly correalted to their yields.In can aslo be found that potassium improved the quality of the foliar vegetable crops as their dry mater contents were generally increased and Vc contents obviously increased and nitrate contents markedly decreased ,As compared to MOP,SOP was more effective on the yields and quality of autumn,winter and summer greens at the high levels of fertilization.     

Breeding behavior for tuber protein in Solanum tuberosum and Tuberosum-phureja hybrids

Summary True protein content among tubers within a plant of Solanum tuberosum cv. Oneida was found to be negatively correlated with tuber size. A similar study of S. phureja genotype 148-17 revealed no correlation. Tuber protein was determined for 250 genotypes in each of four hybrid potato populations in a factorial mating design with four potato cultivars as stylar parents mated to four groups of pollen parents (4x cultivars, 4x high protein selections, 2x S. phureja, 2x high protein S. phureja). The hybrid population derived from the 4x high protein selections was significantly higher in protein content than the other populations. High estimates of general combining ability for tuber protein content were found for both stylar and pollen parents. Poor photoperiodic adaptation to growing conditions in northern latitudes was a possible explanation for the variable protein phenotypes typical of S. phureja and the lack of transmission of the high protein character in phureja to 4x-2x hybrids. Although protein content was negatively correlated with total yield, high protein segregates with good yield potential were identified in all four populations.Scientific Journal Series Article 11, 616 of the Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station.     

Path analysis of genotype-environment interactions of potatoes exposed to increasing warm-climate constraints

Summary Twenty potato cultivars were tested in replicated trials in three seasons. The weather gradually changed from relatively high humidity and cold air temperatures in February to dry and hot in July. Fresh and dry weights, sucrose, reducing sugar and starch contents were recorded on tubers sequentially harvested over four stages during the growing period of each of the three trials. The data were analyzed for genotype-environment interactions by a path regression model which is composed of a main effect and four multiplicative effects. The model fitted well to the observed data for all traits but reducing sugar. Results of dry tuber weight were used to calculate a heat susceptibility index for each of the cultivars. Four components of the index were identified based on the path model. Comparison of sizes of the components provided information on the degree of response to the environmental stress of each of the cultivars during successive stages of growth. High yielding and heat tolerant cultivars were identified based on the experimental results.     

Potential of a Fusarium eumartii culture filtrate on the screening for wilting resistance in potato

Summary Fusarium solani f.sp. eumartii Carp. Snyder and Hansen (Fusarium eumartii) is a soil inhabitant that induces the so-called Potato Wilt and Stem End Rot disease. Prior to wilting, the pathogen induces peculiar small bronze spots on the leaflets. Failure to isolate F. eumartii from infected leaflets suggests the involvement of a toxin in the disease. The fungus was grown in liquid Richard's medium and thereafter a filtrate was obtained dialyzing (MW cutoff 12,000–14,000) and sterilizing the culture by filtration (0.22 m). Potato leaves treated with both the pathogen or the filtrate showed symptoms of bronze spots and significantly higher electrolyte leakage when compared to controls. Tomato leaves showed neither bronze spots nor electrolyte leakage after plant inoculation with the pathogen or with the filtrate treatment. Both, the absence of visible symptoms and the lack of electrolyte leakage in tomato could be associated to a certain degree of host specificity of the F. eumartii filtrate towards potato. The filtrate also induced symptoms similar to infections by F. eumartii in adult plants and in vitro plantlets of cultivars Huinkul MAG and Kennebec. Callus responses to the filtrate were related to responses of the cultivars to the pathogen in greenhouse. These results show the potential of the culture filtrate of F. eumartii for use in screening for wilting resistance.     

Nitrogen Uptake and Allocation in Sweet Viburnum During a Root Growth Flush

Most woody ornamentals exhibit episodic growth flushes and nitrogen (N) uptake has also been demonstrated to be seasonal. However, there is little information on N uptake in relationship to plant growth cycle. In this study, N uptake and allocation of sweet viburnum during periods of low and high root elongation rates were studied. Plants were fertilized with ammonium nitrate (¹⁵NH₄ ¹⁵NO₃) and after 6 d N absorption was determined. Significantly more N was absorbed by plants with low root elongation rate compared with plants with high root elongation rate. About 70% of the N absorbed by plants with low root elongation rate was allocated to the mature leaves compared to 35% on plants with high root elongation rate. It was evident that root growth activity influenced N absorption and allocation. Although only a small amount of the N absorbed by plants with low root elongation rates was allocated to the immature leaves, significantly more N was allocated to the immature leaves by plants with high root elongation rates. It is possible that the N necessary to support immature leaf growth, when root elongation rate is low, is provided by mobilization from other parts, possibly mature leaves.     

马铃薯的钾素需求及营养诊断

了解马铃薯的钾素营养特点是马铃薯养分管理的基础,综述了马铃薯钾素营养的研究进展,并提出了进一步研究的方向。尽管文献报道的马铃薯需钾量存在差异,但已有的研究结果表明,马铃薯是需钾量较大的作物,其对钾素的需求多于其他元素。而且与小麦等作物相比,马铃薯的钾素营养效率较低。已有的研究还证实土壤交换性钾含量与马铃薯产量的关系并不稳定,仅依靠土壤测试制定钾肥施用方案存在较大的误差,因而马铃薯钾素营养状况诊断并依此指导生育期钾肥施用就显得必要。业已发现叶柄钾浓度能很好的反映马铃薯植株的钾素营养状况,对土壤供钾高度敏感,与块茎产量存在很好的数量关系,因此,用于指导马铃薯施肥的叶柄的临界钾浓度被不同研究人员确立,但干重基础的叶柄钾浓度指标指导施肥实践的时效性较差,这意味着简便快速的诊断方法有待建立。     

Potato tuber yield and quality in response to different nitrogen fertilizer application rates under two split doses in an irrigated sandy loam soil

Abstract

Management strategies to minimize nitrogen (N) losses to the atmosphere and water bodies from potato production fields while maintaining tuber yields and quality relies on good N management. A 2-year (2016–17 and 2017–18) field trial with ‘Symphonia’ potato was completed on a sandy loam soil irrigated with flood irrigation in Punjab, Pakistan to investigate the effect of N fertilizer rate on vegetative, yield and tuber quality parameters. The N fertilizer treatments comprising six N rates from 0 to 300?kg ha^?1 were applied at 50?kg N increments. Number of stems and tubers plant^?1 showed a quadratic response while other parameters revealed cubic trends in response to N fertilizer rates. Applying more than 250?kg ha^?1 of N fertilizer did not increase vegetative growth and yield. In conclusion, the optimal N-application rate of 250?Kg ha^?1 has great potential to improve yield and quality of potato in the sub-tropical region of Punjab, Pakistan. These findings, besides improving productivity can minimize the risk of N fertilizer loss to the atmosphere.     

Synergistic effects of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and diazotrophic bacteria on nutrition and growth of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas)

Summary Sweet potatoes were micropropagated and then transplanted from axnic conditions to fumigated soil in pots in the greenhouse. Spores of Glomus clarum were obtained from Brachiaria decumbens or from sweet potatoes grown in soil infected with this fungus and with an enrichment culture of Acetobacter diazotrophicus. Three experiments were carried out to measure the beneficial effects of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi-diazotroph interactions on growth, nutrition, and infection of sweet potato by A. diazotrophicus and other diazotrophs obtained from sweet potato roots. In two of these experiments the soils had been mixed with ¹⁵N-containing organic matter. The greatest effects of mycorrhizal inoculation were observed with co-inoculation of A. diazotrophicus and/or mixed cultures of diazotrophs containing A. diazotrophicus and Klebsiella sp. The tuber production was dependent on mycorrhization, and total N and P accumulation were increased when diazotrophs and G. clarum were applied together with VAM fungal spores. A. diazotrophicus infected aerial plant parts only when inoculated together with VAM fungi or when present within G. clarum spores. More pronounced effects on root colonization and intraradical sporulation of G. clarum were observed when A. diazotrophicus was co-inoculated. In non-fumigated soil, dual inoculation effects, however, were of lower magnitude. ¹⁵N analysis of the aerial parts and roots and tubers at the early growth stage (70 days) showed no statistical differences between treatments except for the VAM+Klebsiella sp. treatment. This indicates that the effects of A. diazotrophicus and other diazotrophs on sweet potato growth were caused by enhanced mycorrhization and, consequently, a more efficient assimilation of nutrients from the soil than by N₂ fixation. The possible interactions between these effects are discussed.     

甜玉米填闲减缓菜田土壤硝酸盐淋溶的研究

为提高菜田氮肥的利用率,降低氮肥对环境的污染风险。在中德合作项目东北旺试验田（土壤类型为潮土）,三年（1999～2001）9季蔬菜长期传统施氮灌水与推荐施氮灌水处理的地力基础上,于高温多雨的夏季选择甜玉米作为填闲作物,以休闲处理作对照,研究甜玉米在土壤硝态氮淋溶关键期对土壤残留硝态氮素分布及对后茬蔬菜产量的影响。研究结果表明甜玉米生长迅速、生物量大、吸收氮素能力强,吸氮量可达205.6～246.1 kg/hm²;与休闲处理相比,种植甜玉米能有效的吸收0～60 cm土壤中残留氮素,实现了土壤残留氮素的再利用。0～180 cm剖面中土壤硝态氮的残留量都有不同程度的降低,有效阻抑了氮素向土壤深层的淋洗。甜玉米也获得了较高的经济产量,穗净鲜重达9.2～10.2 t/hm²。后茬作物菠菜收获后未被利用的氮素大部分残留在土壤浅层;甜玉米处理与休闲处理相比未显著影响后季菠菜的生长,产量达18.4～20.7 t/hm²。该研究表明：甜玉米是较为理想的填闲作物。     

Impact of crop production system on the content of macronutrients in potato tubers

ABSTRACT

The content of macronutrients in potato tubers arouses interest because of their substantial consumption in the world and significant role in elements' budget in human diet. The research objective has been to evaluate the content of macronutrients in tubers of potatoes grown in different systems of crop production in Poland. In 2012–2014, an experiment was conducted to test potato cultivation in three-crop production systems: conventional, integrated and organic. In each of the six-field crop rotation systems, there were five potato cultivars classified into different earliness groups. The following macronutrients in dry mass of potato tubers were determined: N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, S and Cl, and the various ratios between them were calculated. The research carried out proved that potatoes production systems affect the chemical composition of tubers, which is additionally modified by whether condition and genetic features of cultivars. Potato tubers from organic farming contained by about 20% less N than tubers from conventional or integrated systems. Potato tubers from organic production system displayed lower content of Ca and Na in comparison with the conventional and integrated systems. The least of P and S were detected in tubers of the potatoes grown conventionally.