丁草胺对水稻分蘖影响的研究

通过盆栽试验,探讨了丁草胺施药量、施药时期、施药时水层深度对水稻分蘖的影响。结果表明:在供试水稻品种中施用丁草胺会降低其分蘖质量;在同一品种中,随施药量增加,分蘖数量减少;缓苗后施药比缓苗前施药的水稻分蘖多;施药时保持4 cm水层(未没过心叶)对水稻分蘖的影响小于保持8 cm水层(没过心叶)。初步明确了不同水稻品种对丁草胺的敏感性不同,本试验中的东农419水稻对丁草胺的敏感性高于绥粳4号。     

Agronomic Practices Influence Maize Grain Quality

Abstract

Maize grain yields have increased dramatically over the past fifty years, and concurrently end-uses have proliferated requiring special quality characteristics. Plant breeders have developed many specialty types of maize, all of which are influenced by the agronomic practices used to produce the crop. Grain yield increases have resulted in lower protein concentration except when the yield increase resulted from nitrogen fertilizer application. Irrigation improves the biological value of protein, while higher nitrogen application rates alter the amino acid balance thereby reducing the nutritional value. Kernel breakage susceptibility and kernel density increase with higher nitrogen fertilizer application rates, and are reduced by irrigation. Extractable starch and oil concentration are largely influenced by hybrid choice, but small production practice effects have been documented. Essential mineral nutrient levels are often influenced by soil or foliar fertilizer application. The production of aflatoxin can be reduced by irrigation or other strategies to avoid water stress during grain fill. Although genetics usually exerts the largest effect on maize grain quality, agronomic practices are also important.     

Blood thiamine levels in clinically normal goats and goats with suspected polioencephalomalacia

Abstract

AIMS: To identify and describe culture and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) patterns in bacteria isolated from canine urinary samples submitted to a New Zealand veterinary diagnostic laboratory.

METHODS: Records from a veterinary diagnostic laboratory were examined for bacterial isolates cultured from canine urine samples between January 2005 and December 2012. Culture and susceptibility results were compiled with information on the age, sex and breed of dog. Repeat submissions were removed. Susceptibility was assessed using results of the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method, for a standard panel including amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (AMC), cefovecin (from 2010–2012), cephalothin, clindamycin, enrofloxacin and trimethoprim-sulphonamide (TMS).

RESULTS: A total of 5,786 urine samples were submitted for analysis, and 3,135 bacterial isolates were cultured from 2,184 samples. Of these 3,135 isolates, 1,104 (35.2%) were Escherichia coli, 442 (14.1%) were Staphylococcus spp., 357 (11.4%) Proteus mirabilis and 276 (8.8%) were Enterococcus spp. The frequency of culture-positive samples increased with increasing age in both female and male dogs (p<0.001). The percentage of E. coli isolates resistant to AMC and cephalothin increased between 2005 and 2012 (p<0.001), as did resistance to enrofloxacin (p=0.022), but there was no change in resistance to TMS (p=0.696). Enrofloxacin was the antimicrobial with the least resistance shown by the four most common bacteria isolated during the course of the study.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The results of this study provide important regional information regarding the prevalence of bacterial uropathogens and their susceptibility patterns. There was an increase in resistance to some commonly used antimicrobials in the treatment of urinary tract infections. Having access to regional antimicrobial susceptibility results is crucial when forming guidelines for the use of antimicrobials for the treatment of urinary tract infections. Given changes in practising habits and antimicrobial usage over time, ongoing monitoring and surveillance of resistance in pathogens is needed.     

土壤粒度和磁化率特征对绰墩古水稻土成因的指示

本文研究了绰墩农业遗址P-02原状土剖面的粒度分布,定量分析了土壤黏粒的矿物组成,测定了土壤/沉积物及其各粒级组分(黏粒、粉砂粒、细砂粒和粗砂粒)的磁化率。结果表明：在0 ~ 30 cm和134 ~ 154 cm两层段,黏粒含量从下向上有降低的趋势,这可能预示着长期的水耕作业造成黏粒从表层向亚表层移动;在148 ~ 200 cm层段,土壤磁化率从下向上有降低的趋势,可能说明该处存在长期淹水的状况。总之,黏粒含量和质量磁化率数据说明长江下游地区的先民在马家浜文化时期已开始采用“水溽”方式进行水稻的栽培。     

An artificial inoculation protocol for Uromycladium acaciae,cause of a serious disease of Acacia mearnsii in southern Africa

Uromycladium acaciae is the cause of a severe wattle rust epidemic in plantations of Acacia mearnsii (black wattle) in southern Africa. Research on the biology of this damaging rust is assisting in the development of control strategies. One strategy under investigation is the identification and deployment of resistant lines of A. mearnsii. Selection of resistant families currently relies on large-scale, time-consuming and expensive field trials. In this study, we present a detailed artificial inoculation protocol for U. acaciae, which can be used to screen for resistance. The results of an experiment that used the protocol to screen the relative resistance of 12 families of A. mearnsii to U. acaciae are also presented. The developed artificial inoculation protocol can also be used to investigate several other aspects of this host–pathogen system.     

基于GIS的华宁县滑坡灾害影响因子分析及易发性评价

为了明析区域滑坡灾害影响因子及其易发性,为滑坡地质灾害的防治提供借鉴。以云南省华宁县为研究对象,利用GIS空间分析技术,对华宁县滑坡空间分布及诱发因子进行了分析研究,依据区域地质灾害详细调查资料,建立GIS灾害数据库的同时选取海拔、坡度、坡向、距水系、道路、断层距离、岩性7个诱发因子,利用统计指数对滑坡在每个因子各类别中的占比进行了权重分析,最终确定滑坡灾害易发性分区并阐述其空间分布特征。结果表明:（1）在滑坡灾害分布特征上,具有空间集中分布特征,灾害点密度以中部地区最大,受灾影响人数最大的主要分布在海拔较低的宁州街道和通红甸乡。（2）从诱发因子上看,滑坡灾害大多分布在海拔1 600~2 300 m（占76.06%）,坡度10°~30°（占71.83%）,坡向为E,NE,NW,N等方向上（占71.82%）,距离河流、断层和道路越近,发生滑坡的可能性越大。（3）在滑坡灾害易发性上,高易发区主要分布在宁州街道、青龙镇、华溪镇;中易发区主要分布在青龙镇东北部、宁州街道西南部、通红甸彝族苗族乡中部和盘溪东部;低易发区主要分布在通红甸彝族苗族乡、盘溪镇。华宁县滑坡灾害呈现出东少西多,南少北多的特征,未来华宁县应重点关注中部和西部区域的滑坡灾害预防。     

某拟建高速公路地质灾害易发性评价

高原山地地区地质灾害多发频发,对重大建设项目安全危害极大,开展拟建高速公路区域地质灾害易发性评价研究,对后期线路选址及地质灾害防治具有重要的理论和实际意义。在分析现状地质灾害特征的基础上,从气象水文、地形地貌、岩土类型及构造、人类工程活动4个方面选取对地质灾害发育贡献程度较大的因子,基于GIS技术,结合层次分析法（AHP）和信息量法对拟建施甸至链子桥段高速公路进行地质灾害易发性评价,并将评价结果划分为高易发区、中易发区和低易发区。通过研究区已有地质灾害编目对评价结果进行验证,结果表明,AHP_信息量模型在拟建工程地质灾害易发性评价中可操作性强,评价结果可靠性高。     

基于GIS和随机森林模型的泥石流敏感性分析——以吉林省洮南市北部山区为例

[目的]对区域性泥石流敏感性进行分析,为吉林省洮南市泥石流灾害预测研究提出一种高效快捷的分析模型。[方法]针对现行大多数概率统计模型预测率较低的不足,利用人工智能算法中效果明显的随机森林算法,以吉林省洮南市西北部山区为研究区域,选用高程、坡度、坡向、平面曲率、剖面曲率、河流、归一化差分植被指数、地形湿度指数、土地利用及岩性10个评价因子构建了频率比和随机森林泥石流敏感性评价模型进行对比验证。模型准确性的验证方法采用受试者特征曲线(ROC曲线)及累积频率曲线下面积(area under curve,AUC)。[结果]随机森林对研究区泥石流敏感性进行分析,并通过GIS将敏感性图分为5个敏感性区域,位于高敏感性区以上的灾害点占82.3%。验证模型成功率及预测率分别为88.4%与90.4%,相较于频率比的成功率及预测率(86.4%和75.1%)效果良好。[结论]在洮南市北部进行泥石流敏感性分析中,采用随机森林方法进行建模,并利用频率比方法进行对比,结果显示随机森林法结果可靠准确。     

坡面侵蚀土壤磁化率变化机理的研究

研究了土壤磁化率与土壤物理性质的关系,结果表明:应用干筛法在不同粒级土团中获得的0.1～0.25mm粒级的土团主导土壤的磁化率,各组分土团中大于0.1mm的组分磁化率与粒径呈反相关,小于0.1mm的组分磁化率与粒径呈正相关。土壤比重、土壤总孔隙度、崩解速率等均与土壤磁化率呈负相关,且土壤崩解速率与土壤磁化率呈极显著负相关;土壤磁化率与容重、粒径小于0.25mm的水稳性团粒组分和大于0.05mm的机械组分含量呈显著正相关。坡面土壤侵蚀导致坡面物质发生再分布,使得土壤颗粒组成、容重、比重、孔隙度等土壤物理性质发生变化,进而使得坡面不同空间部位土壤磁化率出现差异。