寒旱食用百合种植区地表覆草技术研究

本研究旨在探究寒旱百合种植区地表覆草技术对土壤水热状况、理化性质、百合生长和产量的影响。采用随机区组设计,试验处理为露地（CK）、地表覆草（S）、地膜覆盖（M）,3次重复,共计9个处理。结果表明,百合地表覆草技术可以明显改善土壤水热状况,提高土壤理化性质指标含量,增加百合产量。相对于对照露地处理,表层土壤温度和含水量分别增加了18.86%、16.01%,土壤有机质、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾含量分别提高了75.61%、18.12%,21.04%、10.41%,株高、茎粗、球横径、球纵径、单球重和产量分别增加了8.26%、22.22%、16.55%、23.47%、32.83%、35.07%。综上所述,在寒旱百合种植区,地表覆草技术是一项重要的田间管理措施。     

牛边缘无浆体病原学研究进展

边缘无浆体病是由边缘无浆体引起的一种严重危害牛养殖业的传染病。本文概述了边缘无浆体病原形态学、分类学、体外培养以及种系发生关系的研究现状,并总结了近年来对边缘无浆体主要表面蛋白（MSPs）的基因调控机理和病原表面蛋白的研究进展。     

巴纳德组织结构思想及对行政改革的启示

巴纳德的组织理论不仅起着锤炼古典组织理论的有益作用,更重要的是它继续提供了重要的洞察力。巴纳德组织结构概念的逻辑遵循是从社会系统的形成着手,然后从简单组织结构到复合组织结构的形成演绎过程,他的组织结构理论中包含着动态的、组织的、人本的和系统的组织结构观及责任组织是有道德的等等思想。为我们的行政改革提供了一些思考视角和有益的启示。     

响应面法优化黑桑椹黄酮超声波提取工艺

为优化黑桑椹总黄酮超声波提取工艺,以库尔勒市阿瓦提乡采摘园种植的黑桑椹果实为原料,在单因素试验结果的基础上,分别选取乙醇体积分数、提取温度、提取时间、液料比4 个因素开展Box-Behnken 中心组合试验,利用Design-Expert 8.06 软件对结果进行分析和优化。结果表明,黑桑椹中黄酮类物质的最佳提取工艺条件为：乙醇体积分数60%,提取温度70 ℃,超声时间40 min,液料比30∶1（mL/g）。在此工艺条件下,黑桑椹黄酮类物质提取量为9.565 mg/g。说明应用响应面法所得到的提取工艺参数可行性强、可靠性高。     

夏玉米田作物蒸腾与棵间土壤蒸发模拟计算方法研究

本文依据能量平衡原理和质量守恒定律，提出了作物蒸腾与棵间土壤蒸发的估算模式，并对参数的估算做了详细的分析和讨论。最后利用试验区实测资料，通过田间水热耦合运移的数值模拟，对夏玉米田作物蒸腾棵间土壤蒸发模型及其模拟计算方法进行了验证，结果表明，本文提出的模型和模拟计算方法是有效而实用的。     

Scale-dependent habitat use in three species of prairie wetland birds

We evaluated the influence of scale on habitat use for three wetland-obligate bird species with divergent life history characteristics and possible scale-dependent criteria for nesting and foraging in South Dakota, USA. A stratified, two-stage cluster sample was used to randomly select survey wetlands within strata defined by region, wetland density, and wetland surface area. We used 18-m (0.1 ha) fixed radius circular-plots to survey birds in 412 semipermanent wetlands during the summers of 1995 and 1996. Variation in habitat use by pied-billed grebes (Podilymbus podiceps) and yellow-headed blackbirds (Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus), two sedentary species that rarely exploit resources outside the vicinity of nest wetlands, was explained solely by within-patch variation. Yellow-headed blackbirds were a cosmopolitan species that commonly nested in small wetlands, whereas pied-billed grebes were an area-sensitive species that used larger wetlands regardless of landscape pattern. Area requirements for black terns (Chlidonias niger), a vagile species that typically forages up to 4 km away from the nest wetland, fluctuated in response to landscape structure. Black tern area requirements were small (6.5 ha) in heterogeneous landscapes compared to those in homogeneous landscapes (15.4–32.6 ha). Low wetland density landscapes composed of small wetlands, where few nesting wetlands occurred and potential food sources were spread over large distances, were not widely used by black terns. Landscape-level measurements related to black tern occurrence extended past relationships between wetlands into the surrounding matrix. Black terns were more likely to occur in landscapes where grasslands had not been tilled for agricultural production. Our findings represent empirical evidence that characteristics of entire landscapes, rather than individual patches, must be quantified to assess habitat suitability for wide-ranging species that use resources over large areas.     

中国南方水乡乡村聚落空间结构研究综述

为了解水乡乡村聚落空间研究进展,运用文献统计分析和内容分析法,总结1915—2021年中国南方水乡乡村聚落空间结构特征、演变过程及影响因素的研究进展.结果表明:区域层面主要基于地理学、景观生态学和城乡规划学进行定量研究,村域层面主要基于建筑学、城乡规划学和风景园林学进行定性研究;不同时期的研究存在内容差异和方法差异,不...     

Impact on soil physical properties of using large-grain legumes for catch crop cultivation under different tillage conditions

In Central Europe, various plant species including large-grain legumes and their mixtures are grown as catch crops, particularly between grains harvested early and subsequent summer crops. This article investigates the question of how soil structure in the topsoil is influenced when catch cropping with large-grain legumes (experimental factor A: without catch crop, with catch crop) under different ploughless tillage conditions during catch crop seeding (experimental factor B: deep tillage/25–30 cm, shallow tillage/8–10 cm). Five one-year trials were performed using standard machinery at various sites in Germany. Soil core samples extracted from the topsoil in the spring after catch crop cultivation served to identify air capacity, saturated hydraulic conductivity and precompression stress. The above-ground and below-ground biomass yields of the catch crops were also determined at most of the sites. In addition, the soil compaction risk for the working steps in the experiments was calculated using the REPRO model.The dry matter yield of the catch crops varied considerably between the individual trial sites and years. In particular, high levels of dry matter were able to form in the case of early seeding and a sufficient supply of precipitation. The soil structure was only rarely affected positively by catch crop cultivation, and catch crops did not contribute in the short term to loosening already compacted topsoils. In contrast, mechanical soil stresses caused by driving over the ground and additional working steps used in cultivating catch crops often led to lower air capacity in these treatments. This is consistent with the soil compaction risks calculated using the REPRO model, which were higher in the treatments with catch cropping. Catch crop cultivation also only resulted in improved mechanical stability at one location. The positive effect of deep ploughless tillage on air capacity and saturated hydraulic conductivity, however, became more clearly evident regardless of catch crop cultivation. In order for catch crop cultivation with large-grain legumes to be able to have a favourable impact on soil structure, it is therefore important that cultivating them does not result in any new soil compaction. In the conditions evaluated, deep tillage was more effective at loosening compacted topsoil than growing catch crops.     

Presettlement and modern disturbance regimes in coast redwood forests: Implications for the conservation of old-growth stands

Coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens), a western North American conifer of ancient lineage, has a paradoxical combination of late-successional characteristics and strong adaptations to disturbance. Despite its shade tolerance and heavy dominance of the canopy on many sites, redwood saplings are uncommon in upland old-growth stands. Information needed to ensure the conservation of old-growth redwood forests has been limited. In this review paper, we integrate evidence on redwood biology with data on the historic and modern disturbance regimes to help clarify the degree to which key attributes of redwood forests may have been dependent upon periodic disturbance. Available evidence suggests that episodes of fire, flooding, and slope failure prior to European settlement were frequent but predominantly of low to moderate severity and extent, resulting in broadly uneven-aged forests. The majority of fires prior to European settlement were apparently of human origin. Frequency and severity of the major disturbance agents have been radically changed in modern times. Fires have been largely excluded, and flooding has been altered in ways that have often been detrimental to old-growth redwoods on alluvial terraces. However, because of the apparent anthropogenic origin of most presettlement fires, the long-term evolutionary role of fire for coast redwood is ecologically ambiguous. With fire exclusion, redwood possibly could be displaced to some extent on upland sites by increasing abundance of fire-sensitive competitors. Alternatively, redwood may be able to maintain dominance by vegetative sprouting and new seedling establishment on root-wad mounds, fallen logs, and on soil exposed by slope failure. Future research priorities are suggested that will help resolve some of the current ambiguities.     

四川白河自然保护区连香树的空间分布与种群特征

以四川白河自然保护区连香树为研究对象,采用访问法、样线法和样方法相结合,调查连香树的空间分布位点、种群特征和干扰因素。调查结果表明:保护区有连香树365株,适宜面积约1 995.46 hm2;海拔1 900～2 200 m区域的连香树株数占总株数的89.53%,尤其是海拔2 000～2 100 m分布最为密集(占43.01%);径级分布为纺锤形,自然更新差,种群呈不稳定状态,胸径在12～32 cm之间的有238株(占65.20%)。连香树主要分布区与传统耕作区和放牧区的重叠性高,林地转化成耕地及放牧践踏是连香树种群数量和栖息地下降的主要原因;减少人为干扰、就地保护与监测、建立天然母树园、种子繁殖和扦插是保护连香树种群的有效措施。