Improvement of water-stability of clay aggregates admixed with aqueous polymer soil stabilizers

Aqueous soil stabilizers improve soil properties. Water-stability of soil aggregates was determined using two different soil stabilizers: S-type and E-type. Various concentrations of the two soil stabilizers were tested in soil aggregates that were bigger than 5 mm but smaller than 10 mm. Testing the aggregates using the static water-measure method showed that the water-stability index, K, increased with the concentrations of soil stabilizers. S-type soil stabilizer in concentrations ranging between 20% and 40% resulted in K-values between 64.0% and 83.8%, and E-type polymer emulsions in concentrations between 3% and 7% resulted in K-values between 90.1% and 99.7% respectively. The soil aggregates admixed with water resulted in a K-value of 11.5%, which was tested as a control. Two aggregate collapse models were found and discussed based on the collapse characteristics of the modified aggregates: S-type soil stabilizer in low concentrations follows a gradual collapse pattern, while S-type stabilizer in high concentrations and E-type stabilizer in low concentrations follow an explosive collapse pattern. These patterns depend on the formation of a membrane structure on the surface of the aggregates through physicochemical bonding. By identifying the mechanisms of the membrane structure and calculating the K-values, significant information on the improvement of soil properties can be determined.     

Are survival and reproduction of Enchytraeus albidus (Annelida: Enchytraeidae) at risk by feeding on Bt-maize litter?

Enchytraeids are saprophagous soil organisms, appearing in high abundances and contributing to ecological processes within the soil. For decades they have been used as model species for biological research. In the framework of research on genetically modified plants, however, they have not been considered to date. Following the ISO/DIS guideline, survival and reproduction of Enchytraeus albidus, fed with diets containing Bt-maize (N4640Bt Cry1Ab, DKC5143Bt Cry3Bb1) leaf material were analysed. For comparison, diets with the corresponding untransformed near-isolines (N4640, DKC5143) were examined. Additionally a high quality control diet (oat flakes) was included. Survival and reproduction showed no significant differences between the Cry3Bb1 treatment and the treatment with the untransformed counterpart. For the Cry1Ab treatment survival was significantly higher than for the treatment with the corresponding near-isoline. In contrast, reproduction was significantly lower for the Cry1Ab treatment compared to that for the isoline. For the Cry3Bb1 treatment, no effect was shown on survival or reproduction. For the Cry1Ab variety and its untransformed counterpart, a contrasting result was detected, which is unlikely to be caused by the Bt-protein but rather by differences in other plant components. Overall survival and reproduction were highest for the control.     

半干旱地区果园土壤Cl-迁移积累与环境因子的关系

为揭示环境因子对果园表层土壤氯离子迁移累积的影响,为预防和改良土壤次生盐渍化提供理论指导和相关依据,研究果树生育期表层土壤不同土层氯离子的变化与环境因子（土温、土壤水分、蒸发量、降雨量、水分亏值、气温、空气相对湿度）的相互关系。结果表明：在土壤0~25cm土层的微域范围内,不同土层对氯离子的迁移与累积具有不同的功能。0~5cm土层为氯离子聚集层,10~15cm土层为氯离子传导层。认为10~15cm土层是半干旱地区环境因子对土壤性质直接作用与影响的临界深度。     

红松种子壳多酚物质的提取及抗氧化特性

该文选取超声波辅助提取法,采用单因素试验及响应面设计,研究了超声波提取时间、温度、乙醇浓度及料液比对红松种子壳中多酚类化合物提取的影响。并利用Fenton体系、1,1-二苯基-2-苦苯肼(DPPH·)体系及邻苯三酚体系测定其提取成分的抗氧化活性。结果表明,松壳中多酚成分提取的最佳工艺条件为:超声提取时间2.80h、料液比1∶26.36(g/mL)、乙醇浓度42.86%、提取温度80℃,多酚得率7.96mg/g。在此优化条件下,红松种子壳提取物对羟自由基(甲基紫法)、DPPH·自由基及超氧阴离子均具有较强清除作用,半数抑制浓度分别为6.67×10-4、2.34×10-2、3.97mg/mL。     

城市透水面集水效应现场试验

现场试验是获得城市透水面雨水下渗特性的重要手段。为了探索和验证城市透水面集水效应的现场试验方法,并初步率定嵌草砖铺装路面的渗流特性,通过城市嵌草砖铺装路面的降雨模拟现场试验,观测试验面出口的径流过程。结果证实：1）该试验系统的降雨模拟装置可移动性好,节水显著;径流观测装置对试验区周围地貌改变微小,其灵敏度和可操作性符合试验要求。2）嵌草砖铺装路面初期产流量较小,其主要原因是高出地面的嵌草及低于地面的水坑阻挡了地表径流;试验场出口径流过程曲线有波动,造成这种现象的主要原因是流场中嵌草的起伏和摆动。3）当地表充分湿润、降雨强度为1.19 mm/min时,嵌草砖铺装路面的渗流率约为0.42。     

土壤改良剂节水增产效应的田间试验研究

采用田间试验,探讨了施用土壤改良剂对冬小麦的产量及水肥利用效率的影响.结果表明,施加土壤改良剂能降低作物生育期耗水量,提高冬小麦的产量,增加水肥利用效率.在不灌水条件下,施加土壤改良剂1 500 kg/hm~2,能够使冬小麦较对照增产15%,水分利用效率(WUE)提高了21.65%,磷肥利用效率(PUE)较单施磷肥增加2.92%.在灌水33.3 mm的条件下,施加土壤改良剂较对照可增产28.57%,将土壤改良剂与磷肥混施增产可达到42.86%.而且,PUE较单施磷肥增加了11.11%,WUE达到25.06kg/(hm~2·mm).     

桂西北喀斯特人为干扰区植被自然恢复与土壤养分变化

为促进桂西北喀斯特退化生态系统的恢复与重建,采用全面调查和样方调查方法,以自然保护区的顶级群落为对照,研究了桂西北喀斯特人为干扰区自然恢复22a后植被的演替规律与土壤养分变化。结果表明,干扰区物种丧失严重,种类仅有自然保护区的26.6%,随着群落由草丛→草灌丛→灌丛→藤刺灌丛→乔灌丛→顶级群落的顺向演替和发展,群落的高度、生物量和物种多样性、土壤有机质、养分、阳离子交换量和硅、铁、铝、钛等矿质全量逐步增加,钙、镁全量显著减少,pH值降低,土壤质量随着植被的恢复呈波折性提高。     

退化生态系统植被恢复过程中土壤微生物群落活性响应

通过分析退化生态系统中主要植被恢复类型对土壤微生物群落活性的影响,探讨敏感和可靠的微生物群落活性响应指标,揭示适合当地生态条件的植被恢复类型。结果表明,沙米荒地、白沙蒿、柠条、沙冬青和人工乔木林地土壤微生物量C,N,P和微生物商、蔗糖酶、脲酶、过氧化氢酶、碱性磷酸酶均表现出显著差异(P<0.05)。在土壤各层内,除上层人工乔木林地土壤微生物量N相对较高外,柠条恢复草地土壤微生物量C,N,P都相对较高,沙米荒地均较低;土壤微生物商没有明显的趋势;人工乔木林地蔗糖酶和柠条恢复草地脲酶活性相对较高,过氧化氢酶和碱性磷酸酶活性没有明显的变化趋势,沙米荒地的蔗糖酶、脲酶和过氧化氢酶活性以及白沙蒿草地碱性磷酸酶活性较低。方差分析(ANOVA)显示,蔗糖酶、脲酶、过氧化氢酶和碱性磷酸酶与土壤有机质、全氮以及微生物量C,N,P之间呈显著相关关系;主成分分析(PCA)表明,土壤微生物量N,C,P和蔗糖酶、土壤微生物商基本反映了研究区植被恢复中土壤微生物群落活性的响应信息。不同植被恢复类型草地中土壤微生物群落活性的变化表明,柠条和人工乔木林是研究区域内适合当地生态条件的植被恢复类型。     

长江河口地区土壤水盐动态特点与区域土壤水盐调控研究

河口地区土壤水盐动态有丰水年份春秋季土壤积盐、枯水年份夏季土壤积盐的季节性特点,且各季节积盐的机理也不同。分析研究了河口地区不同水文年间不同季节的土壤水盐动态调控指标。分析河口区域土壤盐分的分布状况及近几年来河口区域秋冬季咸潮入侵加重和雨季土壤盐化程度加剧的状况,针对性的开展河口区域不同水文年各季节的土壤水盐调控,采取各种水利措施和农耕措施控制区域土壤水盐状况向有利于土壤改良和提高生产率的方向发展。     

浅论节水灌溉与水土流失

节水灌溉广义上包括水源开发与优化利用措施、农业耕作栽培、节水技术措施以及节水灌溉技术措施等.这些措施会单独或联合作用而改变影响土壤侵蚀发育的某些因子,从而起到减弱土壤侵蚀、保持水土的作用.笔者从不同的节水措施着手,综述它们对保护、改良及合理利用山丘区水土资源,改变坡面微小地形,增加地面粗糙率和植被覆盖率,拦蓄降水,减缓地表径流,减少土壤冲刷,改良土壤结构,增加土壤抗蚀、渗透、保水性能等方面的作用.