On-Site Assessment of Extractable Soil Nutrients after Long-Term Biosolid Applications to Perennial Forage

The objective of this study was to evaluate soil nutrient loading and depth distributions of extractable nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) after long-term, continuous annual surface applications of anaerobically digested class B biosolids at a municipal recycling facility in central Texas. Commercial forage production fields of coastal bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon L.) were surface applied at 0, 20, 40, or 60 Mg dry biosolids ha^?1 y^?1 for 8 years. Application duration was evaluated in fields treated with 20 Mg dry biosolids ha^?1 y^?1 for 0, 8, or 20 years. Total soil loads of extractable inorganic N and P increased linearly with application rate, but only extractable P increased with duration. Neither total load nor soil distribution of extractable K was affected by biosolid applications. Mineralization of biosolid-derived organic N and P likely contributed to elevated concentrations of nitrate throughout the soil profile (0–110 cm) and orthophosphate in surface soils (0–40 cm).     

Effects of Nitrogen Application Rates on Rice Grain Yield,Nitrogen-Use Efficiency,and Water Quality in Paddy Field

Excessive nitrogen (N) fertilizer application is common in the central Zhejiang Province area, China. A three-year (2009–11) experiment was conducted to determine the optimum N application rate for this area by studying the effects of various N rates on rice (Oryza sativa L.) yield, N-use efficiency (NUE), and quality of paddy field water. Results showed that no significant yield differences were observed under N rates from 180 to 315 kg ha^?1. The NUE could be improved by reducing N application rates without significantly decreasing yield. Due to high ammonia (NH₄⁺-N) and nitrate (NO₃^—N) concentrations, 5–7 days after N application was a critical stage for reducing N pollution. The N rate for the greatest yield was 176 kg ha^?1, accounting for 65 percent of the conventional N rate (270 kg ha^?1). The N-rate reduction in this area may be necessary for maintaining high yield, improving NUE, and reducing environmental pollution.     

Nitrogen for no‐tillage corn in Virginia: Sources and time of application

Abstract

No‐tillage corn (Zea mays L.) culture normally entails the placement of N fertilizer on the soil surface without mechanical incorporation. This field investigation was conducted to compare the N fertilizers that are most widely used in Virginia, when applied in this manner, for their effectiveness in producing notillage corn. Comparisons of the time of applying NH₄NO₃ were also made. Grain and stover yields, in addition to N removed in the crop, were used to draw conclusions. The experiments were conducted on both fertile and infertile soils in 1972 and 1973, both of which were relatively wet years. The fertilizers tested, urea, NH₄NO₃, and N solutions, were equally effective, per unit of N applied. Split applications of NH₄NO₃ showed no statistically significant advantage over all applied at planting but slightly trended to do so. N deficiency reduced grain yields relatively more than stover yields.     

Efficiency of a grass buffer strip for limiting diuron losses from an uphill vineyard towards surface and subsurface waters

Grass buffer strips limit the transfer of pesticides from cultivated fields to rivers. These solutions are generally efficient at reducing polluted surface flows, mainly by infiltration of the soil, raising the question of the fate of the infiltrated pollutants. An environmental evaluation was conducted on the efficiency of a grass strip receiving diuron-contaminated water from an uphill vineyard in France. During two runoff events, the following measurements were taken: surface inflow and outflow with Venturi flumes, vertical percolated flow below the root layer (0-50 cm), and variations in water and solute content of the root layer. One runoff event occurred under natural rainfall conditions, while the other runoff event was artificially provoked with water doped by diuron and bromide. For the natural runoff event, representative of medium intensity events, 94% of the diuron was retained in the root layer, whereas 2% left the grass strip by surface runoff and 4% left the grass strip in the water percolating under the root zone. For the artificial event, representative of intense runoff events, more than half of the incoming diuron was retained by the grass strip, whereas 24% and 18% of it were transferred by surface runoff and percolation, respectively. These results showed that the capacity of the root layer to retain diuron was highly significant despite a large percolation flux. However, for large runoff events, surface and subsurface losses can still be considerable, up to 40% of the pesticide load entering the strip.     

结构化流道环境下不同颗粒浓度的磨粒群分布及其动力学特性

结构化表面流道内,由于流体相的驱动作用,磨粒与磨粒之间、磨粒与壁面之间产生相互碰撞,从而壁面不断受到冲击力和摩擦力而发生磨损。该文基于液-固两相流体耦合理论,利用欧拉-欧拉多相流模型中的mixture模型和Realizablek-ε湍流模型对V型纹理半环形截面流道内液-固两相流在不同颗粒浓度下运行时的壁面湍流效应进行了数值模拟,计算了流场中湍流速度及湍动性能等参数。模拟结果表明:V型纹理的流道有利于涡流的产生,因此可以通过配置V型纹理的约束模块来提高湍流的紊乱程度;随着颗粒浓度的增大,在一定范围内磨粒流的速度逐渐增大,磨粒流的湍动能逐渐减小,磨粒体积分数的波动振幅越来越小;颗粒浓度的选择应适当,不同的颗粒浓度可以产生不同的磨粒流综合性能和颗粒分布效果。     

基于激光三角法的地表粗糙度测试仪的研制

针对接触法测试地表粗糙度需要人工参与、测试时间长等问题,该文提供了一种快速的地表粗糙度测试的仪器及测试方法。基于激光三角原理,将激光投影到待测目标上,摄像机接收反射光的图像,通过图像处理算法及坐标转换得到被测区域的三维坐标,再根据粗糙度计算公式得到地表粗糙度参数的结果。将该仪器分别进行了精度及野外测试试验,精度试验测量结果的平均相对误差最大值为2.93%,仪器典型分辨率在垂直仪器扫描方向为0.78 mm,仪器扫描方向为1 mm,垂直大地方向为0.83 mm。试验结果表明,农田表面空间自相关系数的测量结果反映出了农田的垄结构特征,验证了该文仪器及方法的可行性及有效性。     

涡旋式流化床生物滤器水力特性试验

为把流化床生物滤器应用于循环水养殖系统,探讨其较佳的设计与运行参数,研制了一种涡旋式流化床生物滤器,并对其水力特性进行了试验研究。试验装置使用石英砂作为填料,设计了0.18～0.25、>0.25～0.425和>0.425～0.6mm3组不同粒径范围的石英砂和40、50、60、70、80和90cm6组不同初始砂床高度的双因素试验,探讨了石英砂粒径和初始床层高度对砂床流化性能的影响。结果表明:3组不同粒径范围石英砂的临界流化速度分别为(0.061±0.0088)、(0.25±0.011)、(0.48±0.014)cm/s。砂床要保持良好的流化状态,初始砂床高度与床层直径的比值(高径比)需分别大于1.43,1.78和2.14,且高径比与石英砂粒径大小成正比;在相同的膨胀率下,当初始砂床高度增加时,表面流速基本保持不变。床层压降测量显示,3组不同粒径范围石英砂单位床高的压降值分别为(7530.66±215.98)、(6925.66±364.58)和(6790.08±277.95)Pa/m,使用0.18～0.25mm石英砂测得的压降试验值与理论值较为接近,误差在2%～3%。基于Ergun方程,采用回归拟合方法得出涡旋式流化砂床临界流化速度的数学模型,可为流化床的设计和应用提供技术依据。     

挖掘收获多功能曲面铲的设计与试验

摘要：针对传统根茎类作物挖掘工作铲阻力大、顺土性差、集果效果不好的问题,设计了多功能曲面挖掘铲。为提高挖掘入土性能和去土效果,挖掘铲纵向平面采用犁铧与圆弧曲面两段组合设计;为提高横向流畅顺土性能和向中集果率,挖掘铲横向平面采用功能分段及样条曲线拟合设计。通过与应用较广的普通平面多边形挖掘铲的对比试验,表明多功能曲面铲去土率提高了4.8%,向中集果率提高了1.2%,掉果率降低了1.03%。但两者的挖掘阻力相差不大。该挖掘铲的设计为后续的夹持装置和去土装置的作业提供了参考。     

基于漫反射光谱的叶面药液浓度检测方法

应用漫反射反射光谱对叶面药液质量浓度进行了检测研究。选择350～1900nm波段,以标准偏差归一化、三点滑动平均滤波、一阶导数组合预处理,应用逐步回归分析、主成分、主成分+人工神经网络、偏最小二乘、偏最小二乘+人工神经网络回归分析建立了5种数学模型。试验结果表明这5种算法的预测均方根误差分别为0.067、0.061、0.059、0.039、0.056,偏最小二乘法建模效果优于其他模型。考虑到不同作物种类对叶面药液浓度影响,选用八角金盘、油菜、青菜3种作物叶片为对象,在偏最小二乘下建模,其预测集相关系数分别为0.994、0.974、0.929,预测均分根误差分别为0.039、0.050、0.075。表明不同种类作物对叶面药液浓度检测影响较小,漫反射光谱技术检测叶面药液浓度是可行的。     

基于MODIS数据的黑龙江省黑土带地温空间格局分析

地温与春旱是黑龙江省农业生产的重要限制因子。2009年与2010年5月的气候异常对农业生产与管理产生显著影响。研究地表温度格局与动态变化规律及其对农业生产的影响,将为农业相关部门指导农耕提供科学依据。利用MODIS数据,对2009年和2010年5月中旬的两期地表温度(LST)数据进行分析,建立温度矢量空间格局;分析导致地表温度格局变化的成因。结果表明:(1)2009年和2010年5月的LST存在明显的空间格局差异。2009年5月的比2010年5月LST均值高约6.8K。(2)地表温度变化受下垫面状况影响显著。不同的土地利用类型对LST的贡献不同。(3)不同的土壤类型在旱涝年份对地表温度影响不同,黑土和黑钙土,团粒结构性好,田间持水量能力强,保水能力好,耐旱抗涝的能力比其他的土壤强得多,对LST的保持贡献最大;土壤的含水量与LST成正相关。(4)地势较低时,地表温度受多种因素的共同作用,DEM变化对LST作用不大;随着地势的增加,DEM成为影响地表温度的主要因素。