Influence of nitrogen application on dry biomass allocation and translocation in two maize varieties under short pre-anthesis and prolonged bracketing flowering periods of drought

Plants have evolved different mechanisms to survive under stress conditions. This field study was conducted to evaluate the influence of nitrogen (N) application on dry biomass allocation and translocation in two maize varieties under short pre-anthesis and prolonged bracketing flowering period of drought. Two maize varieties, ‘Pioneer 30B80? and ‘Suwan 4452? receiving N at 0 (control), 160 (optimal) and 320 (supra-optimal) kg ha^?1 were subjected to short pre-anthesis and prolonged bracketing flowering periods of drought. Prolonged bracketing flowering period of drought had more suppressive effect on anthesis-silking interval, dry matter allocation and translocation, leaf greenness, contribution of current assimilates to grain (CCAG), kernel number, kernel weight and kernel yield of two maize varieties than a short pre-anthesis drought. Nitrogen application at optimal level was the best for all traits, except CCAG. The maize variety ‘Pioneer 30B80? performed better under both drought types due to more root xylem vessels of large size and more accumulation of dry matter in leaves and roots than the variety ‘Suwan 4452?. Therefore, the variety ‘Pioneer 30B80? may be planted in drought prone environments and may be used in breeding program aimed at developing drought-tolerant cultivars.     

西藏野生宽叶韭的繁育更新特性研究

【目的】明确西藏野生宽叶韭的繁育更新特性。【方法】通过实地观察,分析宽叶韭的无性繁殖及开花结实特性,测定宽叶韭种子的形态特征、吸水与发芽规律;以温度(4,10,15,17.5,20,22.5,25,30,35,40℃)和贮藏时间(14个月和2个月)为考察因素,研究其对宽叶韭种子发芽率的影响。【结果】(1)西藏野生宽叶韭为冬季倒苗型,可分蘖无性繁殖和种子有性繁殖;(2)开花结实期为8-10月份,平均每花序有小花56.33个,开放授粉下小花结实率98.72%,每小花结籽1~4粒不等,结1粒种子的小花占83.48%,结2粒种子的占15.42%,结3~4粒种子的极少;套袋自交下小花结实率18.35%,每小花有种子1~5粒不等,结1粒种子的小花占73.17%,结2粒种子的占23.78%,结3~5粒种子的极少;(3)种子椭球形,横径1.93mm,纵径3.41mm,百粒质量0.987 7g;(4)在20℃恒温下浸种以4h为宜,最长不超过30h,否则种子内含物大量外渗,可能影响种子发芽;(5)种子常温下贮藏1年以后发芽率急剧下降,短期贮藏(2个月)对发芽率无影响,发芽适温为15~25℃,长期置于10℃下也能达到很好的发芽效果。【结论】西藏野生宽叶韭具有性和无性2种繁殖方式,开放授粉和套袋自交均能结籽,种子发芽适温为15~25℃。     

几种化学调节剂及其组合对板栗雌花数量及结实性能的影响

用 BR、GA3 、PP3 3 3 、KH2 PO4 、H3 BO3 共 5种化学调节物质进行了叶面喷布试验 ,观察它们在板栗开花结果上的效应。结果表明 ,不同药剂、浓度及药剂组合对板栗母枝平均结果枝数、长度、每结果枝雌花序数 ,母枝平均雄花枝数 ,单果质量 ,三果率和空苞率的影响有明显的差异。综合考虑化学调节物质在提高板栗雌花量和果实产量 ,以及降低空苞率上的试验效果 ,最佳的化学处理为 BR0 .0 1mg· L-1 PP3 3 3 1g· L-1 KH2 PO4 7.5g· L-1 H3 BO3 5.0 g· L-1,可使板栗结果枝数目平均由 1.2个增加至 2 .833个 ,结果枝平均雌花数由 1.56 7个增加到 1.8个 ,平均空苞率由 30 .70 %降至 9.0 3%     

摘心对欧李实生苗生长与成花的影响

为探明摘心对欧李实生苗生长与成花的影响,以当年播种、移植的欧李实生苗为研究对象,分别于苗高20、30、40cm时进行摘心.试验结果表明:欧李实生苗主干摘心能有效地促发二次枝,由于二次枝的产生,极显著地增加了株丛的新梢数量和叶片数量,从而达到了促进欧李实生苗基部的加粗生长、扩大冠幅和当年成花的目的.从3个处理高度的效果来看,以苗高30cm时摘心效果最佳,其二次枝数量、叶片数量、冠幅、苗木基部粗度及花芽分化数量均显著地优于苗高20cm、40cm时的摘心效果.但不同的摘心高度对欧李实生苗的树体高度及叶片的叶绿素含量均未形成显著的影响.     

雷竹开花期内源激素、氨基酸和营养成分含量变化

竹类植物开花较罕见 ,对其开花的原因也有不同的学说 ,如病理学说、营养学说、周期学说、个体变异和突变学说、气候学说等 (毛高喜等 ,1996 ;周芳纯 ,1998) ,但有学者认为内源激素对植物的开花有一定的调节作用 (王锋 ,1990 ;梁武元等 ,1986 ;王白坡等 ,1999;马国华等 ,1995 ;王彦清等 ,1998;陆军等 ,1993)。根据植物生长习性 ,开花植物有 2种不同衰老方式。其中一类是一生中只开一次花 ,即在开花结实后整株植株就衰老死亡 ,这类植物称为单稔植物 ,竹类植物就属于这一类植物。植物内源激素是体内十分重要的活性物质 ,它参与并调整植物的新陈…     

麻竹开花生物学特性观察及控制授粉的初步研究

竹类植物开花生物学特性和控制授粉技术的研究是开展竹类有性遗传改良的必要前提.该文以设在福建省南靖县国营苗圃的29丛90根麻竹开花亲本为研究对象,采用野外实地观测的方法,观测了其开花预兆、开花周期及持续时间、开花季节和初花时间、花枝类型及结构、小穗形态及结构、花器构造和发育特性及竹花开放顺序等开花生物学特性,研究了麻竹控制授粉时不同气候条件和花枝位置对结实率的影响.研究结果初步表明,控制授粉时气候及花枝位置对结实率的影响不显著,及时利用竹子田间自然开花并适时地进行人工授粉是可行的.      

频繁开花高产小桐子组织培养的初步研究

为了奠定频繁开花型高产小桐子的快繁及转基因基础,通过对小桐子茎段腋芽培养、叶片和叶柄愈伤诱导及不定芽分化的不同激素组合培养进行研究。结果表明：适合该高产品种的茎段培养的最佳培养基为MS＋6-BA0．5mg／L＋IBA0．1mg／L．叶片愈伤诱导及不定芽分化培养基为Ms＋6-BA2．5mg／L＋IBA0．5mg／L．叶柄愈伤诱导及不定芽分化培养基为MS＋6-BA1．0mg／L＋IBA0．2mg／L．生根培养以1／2MS＋IBA0．5mg／L＋AC0．1％较为适宜。引起小桐子组培苗玻璃化现象的主要原因之一是BA浓度过高：在不定芽的分化培养中．愈伤过多会严重影响不定芽的数量及质量。     

离子色谱电导抑制法测定食品中的4种添加剂

建立离子色谱电导抑制法测定食品中苯甲酸、山梨酸、糖精钠和三聚磷酸钠等食品添加剂的方法.对试样采取沉淀的预处理方法,采用METROSEP A Supp4-250分离柱,以15 mmol/L的KOH作淋洗液,电导抑制检测.在优化的分离条件下4种添加剂的检出限为0.082～0.188 mg/L(进样体积20μL,峰面积定量).10 mg/L的山梨酸、20 mg/L的苯甲酸和糖精钠、50 mg/L的三聚磷酸钠混合标准溶液连续8次进样,相对标准偏差为2.10%～2.88%.样品测定的平均回收率为96.2%～101.1%.用所建立的方法快速、有效分析了4种添加剂,并得到了满意的检测结果.     

Somatic hybrids between navel orange (Citrus sinensis) and grapefruit (C. paradisi) for seedless triploid breeding

Protoplasts from cell suspension cultures of ‘Bonnaza’ navel orange (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck) were electrically fused with mesophyll protoplasts isolated from seedless ‘Red Blush’ grapefruit (Citrusparadisi). After 6 months of culture, a total of 20 plants were regenerated. Root tip chromosome counting revealed that 4 of them were tetraploids (2n = 4x = 36)and the rest were diploids (2n = 2x = 18) morphologically resembling the mesophyll parent. After 6 months of transplantation into the greenhouse, 4 of the diploidmesophyll regenerants unexpectedly flowered, but this phenomenon disappeared in the next year. This is the first report of precocious flowering in citrus via protoplast fusion. RAPD analysis further confirmed that the tetraploid regenerants were somatic hybrids while the diploid regenerants were mesophyll parent type. This somatic hybrid will be utilized as a possible pollen parent for improving the seedy pummelo cultivars in China by producing triploid seedless pummelo hybrid. The mechanism of early flowering was also discussed. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Alleviation of alternate bearing phenomenon in mango (Mangifera indica L.) trees using boron and nitrogen fertilization

Abstract

This investigation was conducted during two successive seasons (2014/2015) and (2015/2016) using 15?years old productive mango (Mangifera indica) trees cv. Zebda. The trees were grown at AlMalak Valley Farm, El-Sharkeya Governorate- Egypt (30–51° North; 32–53° East). Trees were planted 8?×?8 meter within and between rows in sandy soil under drip irrigation system using the Nile water. The objective of this study is to alleviate alternate bearing in cv. Zebda using mineral nutrients (nitrogen in the on year and boron in the off year). Treatments included three concentrations of nitrogen (1000, 1250, 1500?g/tree/year) and three concentrations of boron (0.0, 250, 500?mg L^?1). Nitrogen was applied to the soil as ammonium sulfate and boron was applied as foliar spray of boric acid. The extra amount of nitrogen fertilizer (250 and 500?g N/tree) was applied at three installments in (May, June and July). Treatment was arranged in a factorial Completely Randomized Block Design with three replicates for each treatment. Results show that the on-year nitrogen fertilization significantly increased mango tree vegetative growth (number of shoot/branch, shoot length, shoot thickness, number of leaves/meter and leaf area) and yield. The average yield in the on year is 85.5?kg/tree at 1250?g N/tree but 67.4?Kilogram/tree at 1000?g N/tree (the control treatment). While in the off year boron foliar application resulted in a significant increase in flowering, initial fruit set, final fruit set and fruit yield. The average yield in the off year is 47?kg/tree at 250?mg L^?1 boron but 9?kg/tree at 0.0?mg L^?1 boron rate (the control treatment).The interaction treatment of 250?mg L^?1 boron + 1500?g nitrogen/tree is the best treatment as it resulted in the highest values for all the tested parameters. The average yield of this treatment is 53.5?kg/tree. This treatment helps alleviate alternate bearing phenomenon by 41% and obtain the highest economic yield in the off-year, i.e. increased yield by 5.9 fold.