底播虾夷扇贝活品供应链各环节中肠道菌群分析

以鲜活底播虾夷扇贝为研究对象,研究扇贝肠道菌群结构与其生长环境的相似性,并跟踪研究组成供应链的采捕、活水运输、中转、净化Ⅰ、净化Ⅱ及市场等6个环节的活品扇贝的肠道菌群结构变化规律。首先,在扇贝捕捞船现场采集扇贝、海水以及海底沉积物,随后继续对活水运输、中转、净化Ⅰ、净化II及市场等环节跟踪采集扇贝肠道样品;利用基于16S rDNA的PCR-变性梯度凝胶电泳指纹图谱技术对扇贝肠道菌群、沉积物及海水进行分析。变性梯度凝胶电泳指纹图谱分析结明,从即捕扇贝肠道、沉积物及海水中分别获得12、18及20个扩增条带,其中,三者具有9条相同的条带;其余包括活水运输、中转、净化Ⅰ、净化Ⅱ及市场等5个环节的条带数依次为14、16、13、9、22。相似性分析表明,即捕扇贝肠道与海水及沉积物之间菌群组成相似性系数（戴斯系数）分别为66．6％和62．5％;由采捕到市场6环节之间虾夷扇贝肠道菌群相似性系数依次为64．0％、73．3％、69．0％、63．6％及32．3％。采捕后至净化池以及净化后至市场均发生菌群条带的增加,表明采捕后流通环境的改变对扇贝肠道菌群结构有影响;净化处理具有有效的减菌效果;现有捕后处置方式即从采捕至净化Ⅱ,活品扇贝处于比较稳定的胁迫状态,而净化后的产品至消费市场环节的胁迫压力明显,即该零售终端环节对活品质量有重要影响。     

精播高产小麦吸氮和土壤供氮特点及施肥效益的研究

每公顷产７６３５ｋｇ小麦籽粒，全生育期植株吸氮量为２４７．５ｋｇ／ｈｍ２，其中冬前吸氮量占总吸氮量的１８．８％，越冬期占１０．８％，返青至拔节期占２１．７％，拔节至孕穗期占２９．５％，孕穗至开花期占９．５％，开花至成熟期占９．７％。各生育期的吸氮强度（每日每公顷吸氮量）以拔节至孕穗期最高，其次为返青至拔节期，但是氮素的相对积累速率则以分蘖至越冬始期最高，其次为拔节至孕穗期。文中还讨论了施氮对叶片衰老、籽粒产量和蛋白质产量的影响、氮肥的生产效率及适宜的施氮指标。     

Optimal feed level during the transition period to achieve faster farrowing and high colostrum yield in sows

This study aimed to determine the optimal supply of lactation feed during the transition period to minimize farrowing duration (FD) and maximize colostrum yield (CY) and quality with the overall aim of reducing piglet mortality. A total of 48 sows were stratified for body weight and assigned to six levels of feed supply (1.8, 2.4, 3.1, 3.7, 4.3, and 5.0 kg/d) from day 108 of gestation until 24 h after the onset of farrowing. The number of total born, live-born, and stillborn piglets; birth time and birth weight of each piglet; and frequency of farrowing assistance (FA) was recorded, and blood samples were obtained from newborn piglets at birth. Live-born piglets were further weighed at 12 and 24 h after birth to record weight gain, which in turn was used to estimate intake and yield of colostrum. Colostrum samples were collected at 0, 12, 24, and 36 h after the onset of farrowing. FD was shortest (4.2 h) at intermediate (3.7 kg/d), longest (7.1 to 7.6 h) at low (1.8 and 2.4 kg/d), and intermediate (5.6 to 5.7 h) at high (4.3 and 5.0 kg/d) feed intake (P = 0.004; mean comparison). FA was lowest (0.7% to 0.8%) at intermediate feed intake (3.7 and 4.3 kg/d) and substantially elevated (4.3% to 4.7%) at both lower and higher feed intake (P = 0.01; mean comparison). The cubic contrast revealed 4.1 kg/d as the optimal feed intake to achieve the shortest FD and to minimize FA. Newborn piglets from second-parity sows were less vital than piglets from gilts as evaluated by blood biochemical variables immediately after birth. CY was greatest at 3.1 kg/d (P = 0.04), whereas the cubic contrast revealed 3.0 kg/d as the optimal feed intake to maximize CY. Concentrations of colostral components were affected by the diet, parity, and their interaction except for lactose concentrations. In conclusion, the study demonstrated the importance of proper feed level during the transition period on sow productivity. Moreover, this study estimated 4.1 and 3.0 kg/d as the optimal feed intake during the transition period to improve farrowing characteristic and CY, respectively, and these two feed intake levels supplied daily 38.8 MJ metabolizable energy (ME) and 23.9 g standardized ileal digestible (SID) lysine (3.0 kg/d) or 53.0 MJ ME and 32.7 g SID lysine (4.1 kg/d). The discrepancy of optimal feed intake for optimal farrowing and colostrum performance suggests that it may be advantageous to lower dietary lysine concentration in the diet fed prepartum.     

基于链合模型的中国禽蛋供应链价格传导机制研究

以我国禽蛋供应链价格系统为研究对象,采用2000-01—2012-02的蛋鸡配合饲料价格、商品代蛋雏鸡价格、鸡蛋批发价格和鸡蛋零售价格月度数据应用链合模型研究整个系统内部的价格传导机制。结果表明:我国禽蛋供应链价格系统内部存在显著的长期协整关系;系统内部各个价格序列的调整系数均小于0.2,调整速度缓慢;蛋鸡配合饲料价格和鸡蛋批发价格分别是下游鸡蛋零售价格的Granger原因,而是鸡蛋零售价格仅是上游商品代蛋雏鸡价格的Granger原因;蛋鸡配合饲料价格对鸡蛋零售价格的动态影响最大,在整个禽蛋供应链中占有重要地位。政府部门应加大对整个供应链价格的监测和预警,特别是对上游蛋鸡配合饲料价格的干预和适时调控。     

Poverty reduction through the development of inclusive food value chains

Propelled by urbanization, rising incomes, and changing diets, food markets have been expanding in Africa and South Asia, creating the vast potential for job and income opportunities along food supply chains and, hence, for poverty reduction. The novel coronavirus(COVID-19) that spread to a pandemic in early 2020 provokes enormous setbacks to this expansion. This, however, should provide lessons regarding the importance of resilient and inclusive food systems. Emergency responses to COVID-19 should consider interventions towards that end and leverage the opportunities provided by food markets growth as economies recover from the present economic recession. This paper assesses options of how this could be done by facilitating the better functioning and interconnectedness of the many small and medium-sized enterprises that are proliferating along the "hidden middle" of food value chains in storage, logistics, transportation, and wholesale and retail distribution. It also explores how policies can help smallholder farmers connect to this "hidden middle" in more gainful ways and help them climb out of poverty as well.     

Supply consequences of subsidizing thinning activities in Sweden

This paper is an attempt to measure the supply consequences of the thinning subsidy which was in operation during the cutting season 1979/80. The econometric analyses are based on a questionnaire to a sample of 2500 private non‐industrial forest owners, which was produced by the official Swedish investigation SOU 1981:81. The analyses show that it is questionable whether the subsidy did affect the total cut. The estimates of the supply increase range from an average of zero to 122 m³/owner. As a by‐product we obtain estimates of the price elasticity of the private non‐industrial forest owners supply curve. These estimates range from 0.63 to 1.69.     

Utilization of municipal organic wastes in agriculture: where do we stand,where will we go?

Generation of organic waste is increasing worldwide and strategies for its environmentally sound use must be developed and optimized. Regulations in European countries and the USA differ largely with respect to requirements of organic waste quality and the quantities of pollutants which can be added to the soil. Research has shown beneficial effects regarding the improvement of soil fertility. Enrichment of total metals in soil was attributed to long‐term sludge application but the effect on bioavailability of metals must be further clarified. A number of organic pollutants, such as hydrophobic persistent organic contaminants and surfactants, are known to accumulate in organic wastes. However, the former interact strongly with organic matter in the sludge‐soil‐plant system and systemic plant uptake is generally assumed to be minimal. Surfactants may cause adverse environmental impacts when they enter sewage systems in high loads and accumulate in sludge. Surfactants and some of their metabolites are not readily biodegraded in non‐aerated environments. Due to their toxicity and estrogenic activity, of nonylphenol for example, more research is needed to optimize analytical techniques and to trace their behavior in soil. Some options to cope with the risks of huge amounts of organic waste and also some benefits are presented: (1) further limitation of standards for pollutants and reduced application rates; (2) improved treatment of sewage sludge to reduce the total and bioavailable portions of both heavy metals and organic pollutants; (3) adaptation of waste application rates to soil properties such as sorption capacity for pollutants; (4) harmonization of analytical protocols for organic contaminants, i.e. surfactants and metabolites, enabling a more thorough monitoring of the wastes which are to be applied onto soils.     

Study on Balance between Supply and Demand for Timber and Timber Products in China

INTRODUCTION Because China is deficient in forest resources, and the forest has the characteristics of low quality, uneven distribution, slow growth and severe situation of ecological environment, the ecology construction has become the first requirement in society and with the implementation of the “Natural Forest Conservation Program”, Chinese forestry is in the historic transition from timber production to ecological construction. Therefore, the timber production in China increases…     

网购食用菌食品质量安全供应链控制措施

近年来,我国食用菌产业发展迅速,由于食用菌的低盐、低脂、低糖、高蛋白等特性,成为新的健康食品。随着电子商务的发展,网购食品成为人们网络购物的重要内容之一,网购食用菌是促进食用菌产业发展的重要途径,人们逐渐更加关注网购食用菌食品质量安全问题。从供应链的角度,采用改进风险矩阵法,探索网购食用菌食品质量安全的关键控制点,探讨保证网购食用菌食品质量安全的控制措施。     

整建制全要素全链条农业面源污染综合防治的思考及实践

加强农业面源污染综合防治是加快推进中国农业发展全面绿色转型,实现乡村全面振兴的重要任务。近年来,在多方的共同努力下,中国生态环境改善取得了一定成效,但重点流域的农业面源污染问题仍然突出。该研究在分析中国农业面源污染现状的基础上,通过资料收集、现场调研、专家座谈等多种方式梳理和分析了农业面源污染综合防治在治理主体、投入要素、技术体系与产业链条方面的瓶颈,解析了整建制全要素全链条农业面源污染综合防治的内涵,阐述了国家农业绿色发展先行区浙江平湖在践行整建制全要素全链条农业面源污染综合防治方面的先进做法及应用效果。总结了典型案例在网格化健全污染综合防治“整建制”、特色化延伸综合防治“全链条”、以及全方位保障污染综合防治“全要素”三个方面开展的相关工作,以期为探索形成农业面源污染综合防治整体解决方案,示范带动农业发展全面绿色转型提供支撑。