Effects of warming, wetting and nitrogen addition on substrate-induced respiration and temperature sensitivity of heterotrophic respiration in a temperate forest soil

Soil heterotrophic respiration and its temperature sensitivity are affected by various climatic and environmental factors.However,little is known about the combined effects of concurrent climatic and environmental changes,such as climatic warming,changing precipitation regimes,and increasing nitrogen(N)deposition.Therefore,in this study,we investigated the individual and combined effects of warming,wetting,and N addition on soil heterotrophic respiration and temperature sensitivity.We incubated soils collected from a temperate forest in South Korea for 60 d at two temperature levels(15 and 20℃,representing the annual mean temperature of the study site and 5℃warming,respectively),three moisture levels(10%,28%,and 50%water-filled pore space(WFPS),representing dry,moist,and wet conditions,respectively),and two N levels(without N and with N addition equivalent to 50 kg N ha^-1year^-1).On day 30,soils were distributed across five different temperatures(10,15,20,25,and 30℃)for 24 h to determine short-term changes in temperature sensitivity(Q₁₀,change in respiration with 10℃increase in temperature)of soil heterotrophic respiration.After completing the incubation on day 60,we measured substrate-induced respiration(SIR)by adding six labile substrates to the three types of treatments.Wetting treatment(increase from 28%to 50%WFPS)reduced SIR by 40.8%(3.77 to 2.23μg CO₂-C g^-1h^-1),but warming(increase from 15 to 20℃)and N addition increased SIR by 47.7%(3.77 to 5.57μg CO₂-C g^-1h^-1)and 42.0%(3.77 to 5.35μg CO₂-C g^-1h^-1),respectively.A combination of any two treatments did not affect SIR,but the combination of three treatments reduced SIR by 42.4%(3.70 to 2.20μg CO₂-C g^-1h^-1).Wetting treatment increased Q₁₀by 25.0%(2.4 to 3.0).However,warming and N addition reduced Q₁₀by 37.5%(2.4 to 1.5)and 16.7%(2.4 to 2.0),respectively.Warming coupled with wetting did not significantly change Q₁₀,while warming coupled with N addition reduced Q₁₀by 33.3%(2.4 to 1.6).The combination of three treatments increased Q₁₀by 12.5%(2.4 to 2.7).Our results demonstrated that among the three factors,soil moisture is the most important one controlling SIR and Q₁₀.The results suggest that the effect of warming on SIR and Q₁₀can be modified significantly by rainfall variability and elevated N availability.Therefore,this study emphasizes that concurrent climatic and environmental changes,such as increasing rainfall variability and N deposition,should be considered when predicting changes induced by warming in soil respiration and its temperature sensitivity.     

Humic acids as electron acceptors in wetland decomposition

Decomposition of organic matter in inundated wetland soils requires a number of interdependent microbial processes that ultimately generate CO₂ and CH₄. Largely as the result of anaerobic decomposition, wetland soils store globally significant amounts of organic carbon and are currently net sources of CH₄ to the atmosphere. Given the importance of wetlands in the global carbon cycle, it is important to understand controls on anaerobic decomposition in order to predict feedbacks between wetland soils and global climate change. One perplexing pattern observed in many wetland soils is the high proportion of CO₂ resulting from anaerobic decomposition that cannot be explained by any measured pathway of microbial respiration. Recent studies have hypothesized that humic substances, and in particular solid-phase humic substances in wetland soils, can support anaerobic microbial respiration by acting as organic electron acceptors. Humic substances may thus account for much of the currently unexplained CO₂ measured during decomposition in wetland soils. Here we demonstrate that humic acids extracted from a variety of wetland soils act as either electron donors or electron acceptors and alter the ratio of CO₂:CH₄ produced during anaerobic laboratory incubations. Our results suggest that soil-derived humic substances may play an important, and currently unexplored, role in anaerobic decomposition in wetland soils.     

Effect of Elemental Sulfur Supply on Cadmium Uptake into Rice Seedlings When Cultivated in Low and Excess Cadmium Soils

Effects of sulfur (S) (0, 30 mg S kg^?1 soil) supply on cadmium (Cd) uptake into rice when cultivated in low-Cd soil [38.8 μg kg^?1 for diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA)–extractable Cd] and in excessive-Cd soil (748.7 μg kg^?1 for DTPA-extractable Cd) were investigated in a combined soil–sand culture experiment. The significant difference in the Cd uptake into rice between –S and +S treatments were observed in relation to soil Cd levels. When rice was exposed to excessive Cd soil, application of S restrained the uptake of Cd into rice, the S supply tended to increase Cd uptake into rice when cultivated in low-Cd soil. The possible mechanisms explaining the interactions among soil Cd level, S supply, and Cd accumulation in rice are proposed. These results suggest that S fertilization may be important for the development approaches to reducing Cd accumulation in rice when cultivated Cd-contaminated soils.     

二氧化碳麻醉技术在罗非鱼无水保活运输中的应用研究

采用二氧化碳(CO2)对罗非鱼进行麻醉,以麻醉时间、复苏时间为指标,探讨CO2浓度、水温、浸浴时间对罗非鱼麻醉效果的影响.结果显示,水温25℃、浓度0.41～ 1.13 mg/L时,随着浓度的增加,麻醉时间缩短,复苏时间延长;浓度0.58 mg/L时,水温由10℃升高到30℃时,麻醉时间呈先上升后下降的趋势,复苏时间呈下降趋势.罗非鱼血浆生化指标分析表明,麻醉中罗非鱼的乳酸脱氢酶、谷草转氨酶、谷丙转氨酶活性分别与麻醉前、麻醉后差异显著(P＜0.05);麻醉中罗非鱼的肌酐、尿素氮、乳酸含量显著高于麻醉前和复苏后;与麻醉中罗非鱼的血浆生化指标相比,复苏后的罗非鱼血浆生化指标均下降.研究表明,CO2对罗非鱼有麻醉作用,CO2麻醉可辅助罗非鱼无水保活运输.     

Simultaneous Extraction and Fractionation of Fish Oil from Tuna By-Product Using Supercritical Carbon Dioxide (SC-CO2)

ABSTRACT

Fish oil was extracted and simultaneously collected into six fractions based on molecular weight and the chain length of triglycerides in terms of fatty acid constituents without splitting of the triglycerides, using supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO₂) at optimized conditions of 40 MPa, 65°C, and a flow rate 3 mL min^?1. In each type of fractionation, the first fraction (F1) was rich in saturated fatty acids (SFA; 52.57 to 61.26%), followed by monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA; 22.17 to 23.22%) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA; (0.54 to 20.37%); the sixth fraction (F6) was rich in PUFA (48.93%), followed by MUFA (33.59%) and SFA (13.61%). It was obvious that short-chain fatty acids were extracted at an earlier fraction; therefore, the latter fractions were dominant in long-chain fatty acids, especially MUFA and PUFA. Thus, omega-3 fish oil (last three fractions) was successfully separated to be used as a value-added health product.     

氮肥与硫肥施用对相同HMW-GS组分春小麦产量与品质的影响

黑龙江是中国重要的强筋春小麦产区,虽然培育出了多个优质强筋麦品种,但是如何通过合理的施肥技术等保证小麦品质已成为黑龙江小麦生产的重要问题。为此,笔者在相同HMW-GS背景下研究了氮肥与硫肥施用对小麦产量与品质的影响。试验分设4个施肥处理（未施肥、单施纯硫50kg／hm^2、单施纯氮150kg／hm^2、纯硫50kg／hm^2＋纯氮150kg／hm^2）。结果表明：不同小麦品种（系）在不同的施肥处理下,小麦的千粒重、容重和产量都发生了显著变化,单施硫肥、氮肥以及二者混合施用提高了小麦的籽粒产量,尤以硫肥与氮肥混合处理的效果最好。氮肥与硫肥的不同处理对小麦籽粒的蛋白质、湿面筋含量以及沉降值都有明显影响。施硫肥、氮肥以及2种肥料混施提高了上述品质指标。综合研究表明,在3种处理方式上。氮肥与硫肥混合施用对产量和品质指标的影响最大。因此,生产上在提高氮肥用量的同时,可通过增施硫肥,以达到小麦高产优质目的。     

含硫天然气集输管网的腐蚀控制

含硫天然气腐蚀性较强,天然气集输管网的耐硫腐蚀不容忽视。介绍了含硫天然气集输管网的腐蚀机理,指出水的存在是含硫天然气具有腐蚀性的前提条件。梳理了从管网设计到运行维护各个环节的防腐工作,指出设计阶段的防腐工作渗透于管网选材、管网敷设、缓蚀剂加药装置、清管装置、腐蚀监测装置、管网附属装置等各个环节的设计中;而运行阶段的防腐措施,主要有添加缓蚀剂和设置阴极保护两种,腐蚀检测则是动态了解管道腐蚀状况和科学制定维修计划的有效手段。     

绵阳市水稻青立病发病原因及防治技术研究

【目的】探讨绵阳市水稻青立病发病原因和防治措施。【方法】采取调查分析与田间试验的方法,比较不同除草剂处理水稻青立病发病情况,测定发病田块土壤和水稻植株重金属种类及含量,初步明确绵阳市水稻青立病发病原因;分析不同防治手段下水稻青立病发病情况,探索水稻青立病防治措施。【结果】施用除草剂不会引起水稻青立病发生,但过量施用会显著降低稻谷产量。与不发病田块相比,发病田块 0~50 cm 土层重金属砷含量增加 2.3~5.6 mg/kg;与不发病植株相比,发病水稻植株总砷含量增加 0.03~0.20 mg/kg;与对照相比,在小麦季随整地施用硫磺并在水稻季随整地施用石灰可降低水稻青立病发病率 20.74%;与种植籼稻品种相比,在水稻青立病易发病田块种植粳稻品种可使发病率显著降低。【结论】绵阳市水稻青立病发生原因为土壤重金属砷、镉和铜含量偏高。苄乙、吡嘧磺隆、二氯喹啉酸和五氟磺草胺 4 种除草剂施用不是水稻青立病的发病原因。在麦稻轮作和秸秆全量还田条件下,在小麦季随整地施用硫磺并在水稻季随整地施用石灰对水稻青立病防治效果显著。