绵阳市水稻青立病发病原因及防治技术研究

【目的】探讨绵阳市水稻青立病发病原因和防治措施。【方法】采取调查分析与田间试验的方法,比较不同除草剂处理水稻青立病发病情况,测定发病田块土壤和水稻植株重金属种类及含量,初步明确绵阳市水稻青立病发病原因;分析不同防治手段下水稻青立病发病情况,探索水稻青立病防治措施。【结果】施用除草剂不会引起水稻青立病发生,但过量施用会显著降低稻谷产量。与不发病田块相比,发病田块 0~50 cm 土层重金属砷含量增加 2.3~5.6 mg/kg;与不发病植株相比,发病水稻植株总砷含量增加 0.03~0.20 mg/kg;与对照相比,在小麦季随整地施用硫磺并在水稻季随整地施用石灰可降低水稻青立病发病率 20.74%;与种植籼稻品种相比,在水稻青立病易发病田块种植粳稻品种可使发病率显著降低。【结论】绵阳市水稻青立病发生原因为土壤重金属砷、镉和铜含量偏高。苄乙、吡嘧磺隆、二氯喹啉酸和五氟磺草胺 4 种除草剂施用不是水稻青立病的发病原因。在麦稻轮作和秸秆全量还田条件下,在小麦季随整地施用硫磺并在水稻季随整地施用石灰对水稻青立病防治效果显著。     

超临界CO_2萃取燕麦麸油的工艺研究

采用超临界CO2流体萃取技术从燕麦麸皮中萃取燕麦麸油,考察了萃取压力、温度、时间对麸油提取率的影响.结果表明:3因素对麸油萃取率影响的主次顺序依次为:萃取温度>萃取压力>萃取时间。通过正交试验确定了萃取燕麦麸油的最佳工艺条件:萃取压力30 MPa,萃取温度40℃,萃取时间2 h,在此工艺条件下燕麦麸油提取率为5.45%,且其理化指标优于米糠油.     

苹果籽油的超临界CO2萃取及其脂肪酸含量分析

以苹果籽为原料,应用CO2超临界流体萃取技术,采用单因素试验考察了投料量、原料破碎度、萃取压力、萃取温度、CO2流量、萃取时间等对CO2超临界流体萃取的影响,并利用气相色谱分析了苹果籽油的组成及其含量。结果表明,苹果籽油的CO2超临界流体最佳萃取条件为:投料量300 g,原料破碎度0.297 mm,萃取压力35 M Pa,萃取温度30-35℃,CO2流量25 kg/h,萃取时间2 h,在此条件下苹果籽油萃取率可达22.85%;苹果籽油中总不饱和脂肪酸相对含量为91.81%,其中油酸32.27%,亚油酸59.54%。     

二氧化碳麻醉技术在罗非鱼无水保活运输中的应用研究

采用二氧化碳(CO2)对罗非鱼进行麻醉,以麻醉时间、复苏时间为指标,探讨CO2浓度、水温、浸浴时间对罗非鱼麻醉效果的影响.结果显示,水温25℃、浓度0.41～ 1.13 mg/L时,随着浓度的增加,麻醉时间缩短,复苏时间延长;浓度0.58 mg/L时,水温由10℃升高到30℃时,麻醉时间呈先上升后下降的趋势,复苏时间呈下降趋势.罗非鱼血浆生化指标分析表明,麻醉中罗非鱼的乳酸脱氢酶、谷草转氨酶、谷丙转氨酶活性分别与麻醉前、麻醉后差异显著(P＜0.05);麻醉中罗非鱼的肌酐、尿素氮、乳酸含量显著高于麻醉前和复苏后;与麻醉中罗非鱼的血浆生化指标相比,复苏后的罗非鱼血浆生化指标均下降.研究表明,CO2对罗非鱼有麻醉作用,CO2麻醉可辅助罗非鱼无水保活运输.     

Simultaneous Extraction and Fractionation of Fish Oil from Tuna By-Product Using Supercritical Carbon Dioxide (SC-CO2)

ABSTRACT

Fish oil was extracted and simultaneously collected into six fractions based on molecular weight and the chain length of triglycerides in terms of fatty acid constituents without splitting of the triglycerides, using supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO₂) at optimized conditions of 40 MPa, 65°C, and a flow rate 3 mL min^?1. In each type of fractionation, the first fraction (F1) was rich in saturated fatty acids (SFA; 52.57 to 61.26%), followed by monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA; 22.17 to 23.22%) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA; (0.54 to 20.37%); the sixth fraction (F6) was rich in PUFA (48.93%), followed by MUFA (33.59%) and SFA (13.61%). It was obvious that short-chain fatty acids were extracted at an earlier fraction; therefore, the latter fractions were dominant in long-chain fatty acids, especially MUFA and PUFA. Thus, omega-3 fish oil (last three fractions) was successfully separated to be used as a value-added health product.     

三开门自动温室气体测定箱的应用效果

为了降低农田自动温室气体测定箱在观测过程中对作物生长环境及作物生长的干扰,本研究在玉米大田环境条件下比较了一种新型的三开门自动温室气体测定箱与传统单开门自动温室气体测定箱对环境空气温湿度、土壤温度与水分、玉米生长以及温室气体排放的影响。结果表明：三开门温室气体测定箱能显著减小与大田环境条件下的空气温度、湿度及土壤温度的差异;相对于单开门箱,三开门箱在箱体打开及关闭条件下气温平均低0.90和0.74℃,空气湿度平均增加1.36%和降低5.69%;在玉米小喇叭口期前土壤温度约降低2℃,小喇叭口期后差异不显著;对土壤水分的影响在玉米苗期有一定的作用,但差异不显著;三开门箱相对于单开门箱能显著降低箱体对作物生长的影响,还能降低CO2平均通量值6.85%及N2O的平均通量值3.68%,而对CH4平均通量值基本无影响。因此,三开门箱相对于传统单开门自动温室气体测定箱能显著减小测定箱对观测环境及作物生长的干扰,应用这种箱体观测能更好地反映田间温室气体排放状况。     

Effects of warming, wetting and nitrogen addition on substrate-induced respiration and temperature sensitivity of heterotrophic respiration in a temperate forest soil

Soil heterotrophic respiration and its temperature sensitivity are affected by various climatic and environmental factors.However,little is known about the combined effects of concurrent climatic and environmental changes,such as climatic warming,changing precipitation regimes,and increasing nitrogen(N)deposition.Therefore,in this study,we investigated the individual and combined effects of warming,wetting,and N addition on soil heterotrophic respiration and temperature sensitivity.We incubated soils collected from a temperate forest in South Korea for 60 d at two temperature levels(15 and 20℃,representing the annual mean temperature of the study site and 5℃warming,respectively),three moisture levels(10%,28%,and 50%water-filled pore space(WFPS),representing dry,moist,and wet conditions,respectively),and two N levels(without N and with N addition equivalent to 50 kg N ha^-1year^-1).On day 30,soils were distributed across five different temperatures(10,15,20,25,and 30℃)for 24 h to determine short-term changes in temperature sensitivity(Q₁₀,change in respiration with 10℃increase in temperature)of soil heterotrophic respiration.After completing the incubation on day 60,we measured substrate-induced respiration(SIR)by adding six labile substrates to the three types of treatments.Wetting treatment(increase from 28%to 50%WFPS)reduced SIR by 40.8%(3.77 to 2.23μg CO₂-C g^-1h^-1),but warming(increase from 15 to 20℃)and N addition increased SIR by 47.7%(3.77 to 5.57μg CO₂-C g^-1h^-1)and 42.0%(3.77 to 5.35μg CO₂-C g^-1h^-1),respectively.A combination of any two treatments did not affect SIR,but the combination of three treatments reduced SIR by 42.4%(3.70 to 2.20μg CO₂-C g^-1h^-1).Wetting treatment increased Q₁₀by 25.0%(2.4 to 3.0).However,warming and N addition reduced Q₁₀by 37.5%(2.4 to 1.5)and 16.7%(2.4 to 2.0),respectively.Warming coupled with wetting did not significantly change Q₁₀,while warming coupled with N addition reduced Q₁₀by 33.3%(2.4 to 1.6).The combination of three treatments increased Q₁₀by 12.5%(2.4 to 2.7).Our results demonstrated that among the three factors,soil moisture is the most important one controlling SIR and Q₁₀.The results suggest that the effect of warming on SIR and Q₁₀can be modified significantly by rainfall variability and elevated N availability.Therefore,this study emphasizes that concurrent climatic and environmental changes,such as increasing rainfall variability and N deposition,should be considered when predicting changes induced by warming in soil respiration and its temperature sensitivity.     

Sulfur metabolism in Allium cepa is hardly affected by chloride and sulfate salinity

Salinity as a major agricultural problem can affect crop growth and quality. Onion (Allium cepa L.) plant contains a wide variety of sulfur-containing compounds which may be involved in plant protection against salt stress. In the current study, a similar reduction in growth caused by chloride and sulfate salts was observed when onion was exposed to equimolar concentrations of Na⁺. Also, no difference was observed for shoot/root ratio and dry matter content of roots and shoots. Plants accumulated Na⁺ and the respective anions (chloride and sulfate) which in turn caused changes in the content of other nutrients. The content of potassium and calcium was decreased more than the other elements by both sodium salts. Sulfate salinity resulted in substantial increase in total sulfur and sulfate content but chloride salinity affected neither the total sulfur nor sulfate content of the roots and shoots, only in onion exposed to 200 mM chloride salt, those of roots and shoots were reduced. Furthermore, the water-soluble non-protein thiol content as well as the content of alliin remained rather unaffected. In conclusion, either salts affected the uptake and distribution of sulfate in onion, but had no or only a minor effect on the plant sulfur metabolism.     

Humic acids as electron acceptors in wetland decomposition

Decomposition of organic matter in inundated wetland soils requires a number of interdependent microbial processes that ultimately generate CO₂ and CH₄. Largely as the result of anaerobic decomposition, wetland soils store globally significant amounts of organic carbon and are currently net sources of CH₄ to the atmosphere. Given the importance of wetlands in the global carbon cycle, it is important to understand controls on anaerobic decomposition in order to predict feedbacks between wetland soils and global climate change. One perplexing pattern observed in many wetland soils is the high proportion of CO₂ resulting from anaerobic decomposition that cannot be explained by any measured pathway of microbial respiration. Recent studies have hypothesized that humic substances, and in particular solid-phase humic substances in wetland soils, can support anaerobic microbial respiration by acting as organic electron acceptors. Humic substances may thus account for much of the currently unexplained CO₂ measured during decomposition in wetland soils. Here we demonstrate that humic acids extracted from a variety of wetland soils act as either electron donors or electron acceptors and alter the ratio of CO₂:CH₄ produced during anaerobic laboratory incubations. Our results suggest that soil-derived humic substances may play an important, and currently unexplored, role in anaerobic decomposition in wetland soils.     

定量机械通风对华南地区哺乳猪舍环境和母猪繁殖性能的影响

为探究定量机械通风对华南地区哺乳猪舍环境和母猪繁殖性能的影响,该研究实测并比较了该地区冬季自然通风和定量机械通风2种模式对两广小花猪哺乳猪舍的环境温度、湿度、二氧化碳、氨气浓度和母猪繁殖性能、呼吸频率、直肠温度等指标的影响。结果表明,在夜晚期间,自然通风哺乳舍的二氧化碳和氨气浓度分别为（817.16±25.28）和（7.88±0.34）mg/m3,均显著高于定量机械通风哺乳舍的（645.71±9.49）和（5.59±0.14）mg/m3（P＜0.01）;自然通风哺乳舍的全天二氧化碳和氨气浓度分别为（707.34±20.42）和（6.63±0.27）mg/m3,均显著高于定量机械通风哺乳舍的（583.25±10.06）和（4.81±0.13）mg/m3（P＜0.01）。定量机械通风模式下的出生活仔猪数为（12.50±0.55）头,与自然通风模式的（11.13±0.66）头相比具有升高的趋势（P=0.08）;定量机械通风模式的仔猪平均日增质量为（146±40）g,与自然通风模式的（133±70）g相比也具有增加的趋势（P=0.09）。然而,与定量机械通风相比,自然通风模式下的母猪平均日体质量损失（P=0.06）和平均日背膘损失（P=0.08）均有降低的趋势。此外,在哺乳第21天,自然通风模式的母猪呼吸频率为（69.50±3.85）次/min,显著高于定量机械通风模式的（57.29±1.54）次/min（P＜0.05）。综上,定量机械通风模式可对冬季华南地区两广小花猪哺乳母猪舍内空气质量有明显改善,提高母猪繁殖性能。