干巴菌菌丝营养生理特性的初步研究

本文报道了不同碳源、氮源、微量元素及维生素培养基对干巴菌菌丝生长的影响。试验表明,干巴菌菌丝利用最好的的碳源是葡萄糖,其次是蔗糖。利用最好的氮源是硝酸钙,其次是硝酸铵和硫酸铵,对蛋白胨和尿素的利用效果差。缺少碳源或氮源时,菌丝生长细弱、稀少,不形成原基。微量元素和维生素均对干巴菌菌丝生长有促进作用,其中以锰、铜和维生素Ｂ２的作用尤为突出。     

机械修剪疏果提升椪柑果实品质的作用及机制

为提升椪柑果实品质,以‘鄂柑1号’椪柑为材料,探究机械修剪疏果对果实品质的影响并基于糖酸代谢相关基因表达解析其作用机制。结果显示：机械修剪疏果显著加快了疏果进程,极大地节约了疏果用工;机械修剪疏果显著增大了果实横径、纵径、单果质量和果皮硬度,显著提高成熟期大果比例至57%;机械修剪疏果还加快了果实转色,显著提高果实可溶性固形物含量至11.57%,降低了可滴定酸含量;通过气相色谱法发现机械修剪疏果显著提高果实的蔗糖含量至52.10 mg/g;实时荧光定量PCR分析发现机械修剪疏果的果实中蔗糖合成相关基因和柠檬酸降解相关基因表达量显著上调。研究结果表明,机械修剪可以作为一种省力化的疏果方式,通过促进蔗糖合成基因和柠檬酸降解基因表达来提升椪柑果实的品质。     

高等植物同化物的装载

本文简要综述了同化物向韧皮部装载的两种途径:质外体途径和共质体途径。一个比较合理的装载模式是载体和ATP酶参加的蔗糖—质子共运输模式。蔗糖浓度、生长调节物质、矿质元素和外界环境条件等对装载都有影响。     

High frequency of plant regeneration from anther culture in flax, Linum usitatissimum L.

The effects of induction medium compositions on flax anther culture were investigated in order to improve the efficiency of callus induction and plant regeneration. Anthers were inoculated onto the modified MS medium supplemented with five different combinations of plant growth regulators. The medium containing the combination of 2mg/l 2,4- dichlorophenoxy-acetic acid (2,4-D) and 1 mg/1 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) produced a significantly higher number of calli forming shoots/100 responded anthers and a significant increase in overall efficiency of regeneration than the same basal medium containing 1 mg/1 a-naphthalene-acetic acid (NAA) and 2 mg/1 BAP (CK). Among the five levels of thiamin hydrochloride tested, the modified MS medium containing 10 mg/1 thiamin hydrochloride significantly increased the number of calli forming shoots/100 responded anthers and the overall efficiency of regeneration compared with the same basal medium containing 0.1 mg/1 thiamin hydrochloride. Maltose concentration had a significant effect on the percentage of anthers producing call, the number of calli forming shoots/100 responded anthers and the overall efficiency of regeneration. The medium containing 6% or 9% maltose produced the highest overall efficiency of regeneration among the five levels of maltose evaluated. Sucrose concentration significantly affected the number of calli forming shoots/100 responded anthers and the overall efficiency of regeneration, and dramatically affected the frequency of microspore-derived plants and the frequency of spontaneous chromosome doubling in microspore-derived plants. The efficiency of doubled haploid line production obtained in this study appears adequate for applied breeding programmes.     

外源蔗糖，Vc对铬诱导的拟南芥主根生长抑制和过氧化物积累的缓解作用

通过水培实验研究重金属铬胁迫下拟南芥主根生长和过氧化物积累情况,以及外源施加蔗糖和维生素C对毒害的缓解作用。结果发现随着铬浓度的升高,植物主根生长受到了明显的抑制,胎盘兰染色表明高剂量的铬造成了主根的根尖细胞的死亡。进一步DAB染色发现铬胁迫诱导植物根尖大量积累过氧化氢,而在胁迫培养基中加入蔗糖和维生素C都可显著改善植物根的生长、减低过氧化氢的积累,并减少铬诱导的根尖细胞的死亡。上述结果表明铬胁迫诱导的拟南芥主根生长的抑制很可能是由于根尖细胞过氧化物积累所致。     

Leaf Carbon Isotope Discrimination and its Relation with Qualitative Root Traits and Harvest Index in Sugar Beet (Beta vulgaris L.)

Twenty commercial sugar beet varieties were grown at two sites in central Greece during the 2001 growing season (March to October), in a completely randomized block design with three replications. Carbon isotope discrimination (Δ) in sugar beet leaves was found to be affected by site and marginally by variety. No relation was found between fresh root yield and Δ, but significant correlations were found between Δ and sucrose content (positive) and between Δ and root α‐amino‐N (negative). Also, the harvest index, determined at one site, was negatively correlated with Δ.     

铁皮石斛可溶性糖含量与蔗糖代谢酶活性的相关性研究

通过对F型及H型铁皮石斛不同时期可溶性糖含量与蔗糖代谢酶活性的测定,并对其相关性进行分析,分析了可溶性糖的合成与蔗糖代谢酶活性间的关系。结果表明,移栽后F型和H型铁皮石斛叶片中蔗糖磷酸合成酶的活性与季节性变化趋势一致,但F型较H型高;蔗糖降解酶与可溶性糖含量及其还原糖间存在相关关系,达到显著水平。对可溶性糖和相关因子进行偏相关分析和通径分析可知,还原糖的直接通径系数最大为1.015,酸性转化酶的直接通径系数为负值(-0.356),与可溶性糖呈负相关关系,4个因子对可溶性糖含量的直接作用大小顺序为还原糖>酸性转化酶>中性转化酶>蔗糖。     

Sucrose assists selection of high‐quality oocytes in pigs

We investigated whether high‐quality in vitro matured (IVM) oocytes can be distinguished from poor ones based on the morphological changes after treatment with hyperosmotic medium containing 0.2 mol/L sucrose in pigs. We hypothesize that IVM oocytes maintaining round shape have higher quality than mis‐shapened oocytes following dehydration. Oocyte quality was verified by determining embryonic developmental competence using in vitro fertilization, nuclear transfer and parthenogenetic activation. In all cases, the round oocytes had greater (p < .05) developmental competence than that of mis‐shapened oocytes in terms of blastocyst rate and total cell number in blastocysts obtained after 6 days of in vitro culture. We also confirm that round aged oocytes are higher in quality than mis‐shapened aged oocytes. In an attempt to find out why high‐quality oocytes maintain a round shape whereas poorer oocytes become mis‐shapened following sucrose treatment, we examined the arrangement of actin microfilaments and microtubules. Abnormal organization of these cytoskeletal components was higher (p < .05) in mis‐shapened oocytes compared to round oocytes after 52 hr of IVM. In conclusion, sucrose treatment helps selection of high‐quality oocytes, including aged oocytes, in pigs. Abnormal cytoskeleton arrangements partly explain for low developmental competence of mis‐shapened oocytes.     

Effects of Stem-Injected Plant Growth Regulators, with or without Sucrose, on Grain Production, Biomass and Photosynthetic Activity of Field-Grown Corn Plants

Study of plant growth regulators (PGRs) through conventional foliar application or tissue culture or other organic materials has limitations. No previous study has examined the effects of long-term continuous addition of PGRs, with or without sucrose, to field-grown corn ( Zea mays L.) plants. A field study was conducted to determine the effects on corn plant growth and productivity during the grain-filling period of a continuous supply of PGRs, with or without sucrose, using a recently developed injection technique to deliver pressurized solutions through syringe needles sealed to the stem with latex. Our four PGRs (IAA, ABA, ethephon and salicylic acid) and a distilled water control, and two levels of sucrose (150 g l⁻¹ and a distilled water control) were injected into corn plants for 42 consecutive days during the grain-filling period. The plants injected with solutions not containing sucrose took up 42 ml more than those injected with sucrose-containing solutions. Corn plants injected with salicylic acid (SA) produced 9 % more grain yield than plants injected with no PGRs. The combination of SA and sucrose increased the photosynthetic rate by 42 % when compared with distilled water. Injection of ethephon resulted in an 11 % reduction in grain yield. Neither IAA nor ABA altered plant photosynthesis or productivity. Sucrose injection increased the dry weight of injected internodes and stover, and induced partial stomatal closure, although without any measurable effect on net photosynthetic rate. This study showed that stem injection makes possible the study of changes in plant physiology during grain-filling due to the effects of PGRs and metabolites administered continuously over protracted periods of time. It also demonstrated a previously undocumented stimulation of plant photosynthesis and grain yield by SA.     

Variation in sugar levels and invertase activity in mature fruit representing a broad spectrum of Cucumis melo genotypes

Sugar accumulation is a very important physiological process that determines dessert-melon fruit quality. Considerable variation in the sugar content and composition in the mature flesh of Cucumis melo L. fruits was observed among 56 genotypes which represent the wide range of morphological and horticultural types found in this species. Sucrose accumulation was observed not only among 'dessert melons' of the inodorus and cantalupensis types, but also in representatives of other subgroups of C. melo, including some of the accessions from agrestis and conomon groups. Among the genotypes that accumulate sucrose, the levels of this sugar, and not of the hexoses, were correlated with the total sugar concentration. Hexose levels were correlated with total sugar levels only among low-sugar genotypes that did not accumulate sucrose. Activities of the sucrose hydrolyzing enzymes acid invertase (EC 3.2.1.26) and alkaline invertase (EC 3.2.1.27) were measured in the mature fruit flesh and the results of this survey support the hypothesis that low acid invertase activity is a prerequisite for sucrose accumulation. The sucrose accumulating, high sugar genotypes had less-acidic flesh pH values (pH> 6) than the low-sugar genotypes. The latter were characterized by a broader range of pH values, including acidic (pH< 5.5) fruit flesh.