性别控制技术在家畜育种中的应用

家畜性别控制是当今生物学领域的重大研究课题之一。近年来,性别控制技术的研究取得了可喜的进展。作者综述了国内外家畜性别控制的生物学机制、途径、方法及存在的问题和发展前景,为性别控制技术在家畜实际生产中的广泛应用提供理论基础。     

改进型和传统型复合垂直流人工湿地的净化效果研究

通过构建传统型复合垂直流人工湿地系统（IntegratedVerticalFlowConstructedWetlandsSystem：IVFCWS）和改进型复合垂直流人工湿地系统（ImprovedIntegratedVerticalFlowConstructedWetlandsSystem：IIVFCWS）,并在其中分别种植彩叶草-太阳草（Coleusblumei-Toninafluviatilis：CT）和美人蕉-大水剑（Cannaindica-Acoruscalamus：CA）,以无植物人工湿地系统为对照,比较研究不同植物组合下两种构型的人工湿地系统对生活污水的净化效果。结果表明,IIVFCWS对CODCr、NH4＋-N、TN的净化效果显著优于IVFCWS,而对TP的去除效果则是IVFCWS较IIVFCWS强。有植物的人工湿地系统去除污染物的效果较无植物的对照系统好,其中彩叶草-太阳草组合湿地系统的去除效果较美人蕉-大水剑组合的强,分别为：CODCr的平均去除率在80．8％-52．8％之间;NH4-N的去除率在93．6％-52．3％之间;TN的去除率在96．4％～67．6％之间,TP的平均去除率均达93．6％以上。     

管壁特性与摩阻关系

对憎液表面的水力摩阻特性进行了试验研究,实验中憎液表面材料采用聚四氟乙烯,试验工质采用水和7号机械油。试验结果表明,内衬聚四氟乙烯管较普通钢管具有一定的减阻效果,对工质水而言,其减阻效果大约为12％,对7号机械油而言,其减阻效果为6％左右,减阻效果取决于壁面材料对介质的憎液程度,即聚四氟乙烯对水的憎液性能比对7号机械油的好。通过对憎液表面流动机理的理论分析表明,表面经憎液处理后,由于降低了表面能级,使得固壁对液体分子的吸引力小于液体分子间的吸引力,壁面部分流体产生滑移现象,从而达到了一定的减阻效果。     

梳子坝对土石流之防治效率

梳子坝是一种透过性坝体，可以有效地防止土石流之危害。因此，本研究经由土石流过梳子坝的质量守恒定律和渠槽试验，分别建立土砂流出率、泥砂体积浓度比及贮砂率等三种主要的效率参数，作为评估梳子坝防治土石流之效率，并据以发展出一种简单的设计模式，可以用来设计单一的梳子坝的高度、开口间距及总开口宽度等坝体几何因子。     

两行一带式乔木固沙林带风速流场和防风效果风洞试验

研究在风速为10和15 m·s<'-1>的风洞试验条件下,覆盖度为20%和25%的3种两行一带模式固沙林内的水平和垂直方向的风速变化情况,以期对3种模式的风速流场和防风效果进行比较分析.结果表明:3种配置模式在0.31H高度形成了风影区和风速加速区相互组合的复杂流场结构,覆盖度25%的两行一带模式的防风效果高于覆盖度20%的两行一带模式.3种模式在不同高度的风速变化规律相同,可划分为3层:微变化层(1.54H和2H)、显著变化层(0.46H和0.92H)和稳定变化层(0.06～0.12H)3个层次.3种模式降低风速的效果为:D=4H(H为带间距)L=4 cm(L为行距)模式大于D=5H,L=0.08 m模式和覆盖度20%(D=5H,L=0.04 m),后2种模式相同.     

土壤优势流的植物根系效应

综述了土壤优势流的基本特征,对环境的影响,特别是对水分和农用化学物利用效果的影响。阐述了根系对优势流的影响,并讨论了根系的动态变化对土壤优势流的影响。介绍了根系及优势流的一般研究方法,以及有关根系和优势流关系的研究中的一些问题。     

旋流泵的流动规律

对80X-13.5型旋流泵进行了数值模拟计算,泵内部流动区域选用Pro/E造型,用Gambit软件采用分块非结构六面体网格划分方法对模型进行网格划分及部分边界条件的设定,运用雷诺平均N-S方程和标准k-ε双方程湍流模型结合SIMPLEC算法,来数值模拟旋流泵内部三维不可压湍流场.数值模拟计算选取工作介质为清水,并认为是牛顿流体且局部各向同性;认为旋流泵的内部流场是以定常角速度绕固定轴的旋转流场,属于复杂的三维不可压湍流流动.数值模拟得出了旋流泵内的速度和全压分布图,并试分析出了旋流泵的内部流动区域分布.分析认为,周向流动是旋流泵内部的主体流动趋势,旋流泵内部流动状态可归结为贯通流和循环流.数值模拟的结果验证了已有流动模型的正确性,并且在数值模拟基础上重新划分的流动区域可以反映清水条件下80X-13.5型旋流泵的内部流动情况,可为此种泵型旋流泵的设计提供参考.     

回转破碎气流干燥设备试验研究

介绍了回转破碎气流干燥设备的结构特点及其性能试验。该设备将滚筒破碎干燥机与气流干燥机串联组合，其组合衔接处采用封头板带过流孔的独特结构形式，把整个干燥过程分为三个阶段，集滚筒破碎干燥机、闪急干燥机和气流干燥机的优点于一体，提高了烘干效率和产品质量。     

Effect of plastic mulch on water flow and herbicide transport in soil cultivated with pineapple crop: A modeling study

In Hawaii, pineapple is typically grown in raised beds covered with impervious plastic mulch. Field measurements of a commonly used herbicide (bromacil) mass beneath mulch-covered pineapple beds and inter-bed open areas revealed that open areas contained a mass of bromacil about 3.5 times greater than was originally applied, based on label instructions, to the entire field. The broadcast bromacil ended up in the inter-bed open areas through water runoff from the plastic mulch covering the pineapple beds. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of surficial management on water dynamics and bromacil concentration in the soil on a pineapple plantation using the one- (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) flow and transport models. Flow and transport processes were simulated in a 2D vertical cross-section perpendicular to the plant rows. The 1D simulation was limited to the open inter-bed areas. Several simulation scenarios were proposed to evaluate the effect of plastic mulch on bromacil transport in soil. In our simplified approach, the water and solute boundary fluxes for the non-covered areas were increased to simulate the water and solute contribution from the plastic mulch surface. The simulation results were compared with field observations of soil water potentials and resident bromacil concentration profiles. The field and laboratory-measured hydraulic and transport parameters were used for all simulation scenarios. Reasonably good agreement between the model-predicted and observed soil water potentials and bromacil concentration profiles was obtained. Biased 1D and 2D results were predicted when the water runoff from plastic mulch was neglected. The 1D approach to quantify bromacil transport beneath the inter-bed open areas seemed to be sufficient in case the water runoff from the mulch was taken into account.     

Mitochondrial DNA variation of the dog hookworm Ancylostoma caninum in Brazilian populations

The mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I gene was partially sequenced for 164 Ancylostoma caninum individuals, originating from five different localities in Brazil, with the aim of describing the genetic diversity and genetic structure of Brazilian hookworm populations. Allelic and nucleotide diversity were moderate (overall h=0.88 and pi=0.016) and were similar among cities. There was moderate genetic differentiation among the populations sampled (approximately Phi(ST)=0.12) and a weak but nonsignificant correlation between geographical and genetic distance. This genetic structure was similar to that observed among populations of the human hookworm, Necator americanus, but distinct from that typically found in trichostrongylid nematode parasites of livestock. Thus, a pattern of different genetic structures among different groups of nematodes is emerging. We also observed a few individuals that had a highly divergent mtDNA sequence (almost 7% sequence divergence from the other sequences). These results in combination with data from other studies suggest that A. caninum populations worldwide consist of a mix of previously differentiated populations, or perhaps even cryptic species. This study contributes to the knowledge of genetic structure and diversity of hookworms, which in turn will be useful in developing methods for their control.