某硫矿重金属分级及土柱淋溶

Fractions of various heavy metals in a sulfidic minespoil were investigated.Column leachine experiment was also conducted to simulate “acid mine drainage“(AMD) from the minespoil.The results show that leaching of heavy metals from the minespoil was extremely significant during the initial water flushing.The amounts of heavy metals leached out dramatically reduced after leaching twice.It is worthwhile to note that in this study,Zn,Mn,Fe,As and Ni in the first leachate exceeded the total amount of each corresponding water-extractable(1:5,soil:water)metal contained in the minespoil sample.This appears to suggest that 1:5 water extraction did not allow accurate estimation of water-leachable concentrations of the above heavy metals.This work has implications for the management of sulfidic minespolis.Acid drainage of great environmental concerns is likely to occur only during heavy rainfall events after substantial soluble and readily exchangeable acid and metals are accumulated in the minespoils.The slow-reacting fractions other than water-soulble and readily exchangeable fractions may pose little environmental hazards.This is particularly true for Pb,As and Ni.     

地下滴灌灌水器堵塞研究

地下滴灌(SDI)是一种高效的节水灌溉技术，但系统易于堵塞，堵塞问题成为影响地下滴灌成败的关键。通过对运行8年的地下滴灌系统堵塞的实地调查，迷宫式、微管式和孔口式等3类型的灌水器均有不同程度的堵塞，堵塞率分别达到16.67%、25%和63.89%。分析3类型灌水器的堵塞状况，引起地下滴灌堵塞的主要原因是进入系统的微粒在流道壁的附着和发育。为此，提出加强过滤、定时冲洗和改变滴头流道设计等解决地下滴灌堵塞的建议。     

渗灌对番茄根系生长发育的影响

Four depth treatments of subsurface drip irrigation pipes were designated as 1) at 20, 2) 30 and 3) 40 cm depthsall with a drip-proof flumes underneath, and 4) at 30 cm without a drip-proof flume to investigate the responses of atomato root system to different technical parameters of subsurface drip irrigation in a glass greenhouse, to evaluate tomatogrowth as affected by subsurface drip irrigation, and to develop an integrated subsurface drip irrigation method for optimaltomato yield and water use in a glass greenhouse. Tomato seedlings were planted above the subsurface drip irrigationpipe. Most of the tomato roots in treatment 1 were found in the top 0-20 cm soil depth with weak root activity but withyield and water use efficiency (WUE) significantly less (P=0.05) than treatment 2; root activity and tomato yield weresignificantly higher (P=0.05) with treatment 3 compared to treatment 1; and with treatment 2 the tomato roots andshoots grew harmoniously with root activity, nutrient uptake, tomato yield and WUE significantly higher (P=0.05) oras high as the other treatments. These findings suggested that subsurface drip irrigation with pipes at 30 cm depth witha drip-proof flume placed underneath was best for tomato production in greenhouses. In addition, the irrigation intervalshould be about 7-8 days and the irrigation rate should be set to 225 m^3 ha^-1 per event.     

重力式地下滴灌点源入渗特征的数值模拟与验证

基于非饱和土壤水动力学理论，建立了重力式地下滴灌条件下土壤水分运动轴对称三维数值模拟模型，利用Galerkin有限元法进行了数值模拟。通过试验对比验证，表明所建模型可以用于分析地下滴灌土壤水分人渗规律，具有较高的精度。对不同灌水技术要素条件下的地下滴灌湿润特征及入渗规律进行了数值模拟。结果表明，在相同灌水量下，供水压力与滴孔孔径对湿润圈影响微弱，重力式地下滴灌管道设计时可以不考虑其影响，但它对滴孔出流量影响较大，而其它因素对滴孔出流量的影响微弱。因此在地下滴灌管道设计时，只需根据田块长度和渗水管损失设计孔径和供水压力，并可选择较小的供水压力；在相同灌水量情况下，管道埋深对湿润圈具有较明显的影响，应按田间实际进行合理选择，这些结论可为地下滴灌合理的设计及运行提供理论依据。     

集中排水甘蔗地酸性硫酸盐土壤酸化的减缓

Recent research results suggest that acidification of acid sulfate soils may be inhibited in well-drained estuarine floodplains in eastern Australia by the absence of natural creek levees,The lack of natural levees has allowed the inuudation of the land by regular tidal flooding prior to the construction of flood mitigation work.Such physiographical conditions prevent the development of pre-draingae pyrite-derived soil acidifica-tion that possibly occurred at many levee-protected sites in eastern Australian estuarine floodplains during extremely dry spells.Pre-drainage acidification is considered as an important condition for accumulation of soluble Fe and consequently,the creation of favourable environments for catalysed pyrite oxidation.Under current intensively drained onditions,the acid materials produced by ongoing pyrite oxidation can be rapidly removed from soil pore water by lateral leaching and acid buffering,resulting in low concentrations of soluble Fe in the pyritic layer,which could reduce the rate of pyrite oxidation.     

Tillage and the environment in sub-tropical Australia—Tradeoffs and challenges

Tillage is defined here in a broad sense, including disturbance of the soil and crop residues, wheel traffic and sowing opportunities. In sub-tropical, semi-arid cropping areas in Australia, tillage systems have evolved from intensively tilled bare fallow systems, with high soil losses, to reduced and no tillage systems. In recent years, the use of controlled traffic has also increased. These conservation tillage systems are successful in reducing water erosion of soil and sediment-bound chemicals. Control of runoff of dissolved nutrients and weakly sorbed chemicals is less certain. Adoption of new practices appears to have been related to practical and economic considerations, and proved to be more profitable after a considerable period of research and development. However there are still challenges. One challenge is to ensure that systems that reduce soil erosion, which may involve greater use of chemicals, do not degrade water quality in streams. Another challenge is to ensure that systems that improve water entry do not increase drainage below the crop root zone, which would increase the risk of salinity. Better understanding of how tillage practices influence soil hydrology, runoff and erosion processes should lead to better tillage systems and enable better management of risks to water quality and soil health. Finally, the need to determine the effectiveness of in-field management practices in achieving stream water quality targets in large, multi-land use catchments will challenge our current knowledge base and the tools available.     

城市排水管道系统规划设计的研究

本文的研究对象为城市排水管道,主要探讨了城市排水管道的规划设计思路。首先探讨了城市排水管道的作用,其次论述了城市排水管道规划设计的具体内容,最后结合未来的发展趋势给出了城市污水资源优化的思路和城市雨水利用的具体措施。     

生态景观型灌排系统面源污染防治试验及生态响应

设计由灌排合一生态环沟、生态景观型斗渠和斗沟组成的新型土地整治灌排系统,以上海市临港土地整治项目区为试验场地进行不同灌排系统面源污染防治效果对比试验,最后引入生态服务价值模型分析其产生的生态响应。结果表明:1)生态景观型灌排系统涵盖稻田-萍-鱼-蔬菜种植版互利共生系统和生态环沟-迂回式生化塘-斗沟湿地面源污染防治系统,实现了稻田养鱼和农业现代化经营共赢;同时在土地整治灌排系统稻田排水口处设置迂回式生化塘,为农业面源污染防治提供了一种新思路;2)生态景观型灌排系统通过植物吸收和截留、基质和底泥吸附及细菌和微生物降解等作用,在水稻生长周期6-10月面源污染防治效果均明显高于其他灌排系统,COD、NH4+-N、TN、TP的平均去除率分别为77.57%、78.99%、69.77%、73.74%;3)生态景观型灌排系统带来的(正,负)生态响应中,正响应为4.95万元,是负响应的45倍,气候调节、水源涵养、废物处理、生物多样性保护、土壤保持和提供美学景观等功能均显著增强。     

Biodegradation of Monoethanolamine,Ethylene Glycol and Triethylene Glycol in Laboratory Bioreactors

The release of alkanolamines and glycols into the subsurface soils poses a potential hazard to the environment through impacted soil and groundwater. This study investigated aerobic and anaerobic biodegradability of monoethanolamine (MEA), ethylene glycol (MEG) and triethylene glycol (TEG). Significant levels of MEA (31 000 mg/kg), MEG (500 mg/kg) and TEG (2100 mg/kg) were successfully aerobically biodegraded in bioreactors. The aerobic slurry experiments suggested initial phosphate (P) limitation, as biodegradation rates increased by one order of magnitude after phosphate addition. Anaerobic decay of MEA, MEG and TEG was unaffected by P-addition. MEA, MEG and TEG degradation products such as acetate, ethanol and ammonium at about 75 000 mg/kg, 8100 mg/kg and 8800 mg/kg degraded completely and did not prevent aerobic biodegradation. This study confirms proposed biodegradation pathways of MEA, MEG, TEG and their breakdown products in natural soil and groundwater using indigenous microbes. Levels of contamination studied here are significantly higher than previously reported.     

磷酸铁盐涂层: 控制黄铁矿氧化的新手段

A novel coating technique was develped for controlling pyrite oxidation .The technique involved leaching pyrite particles with a solution containing low concentrations of phosphate and hydrogen peroxide.During the leaching rpocess,the iron released from pyrite by hydrogen proxide was precipitated by phosphate as a ferric phosphate coating .This coating was shown to be able to effectively prevent pyirte from oxidation and it could be established at the expense of only surface portions of pyrite.The emergence of this technique could provide a unique potential route for abating acid mine draingage and reclaiming sulfide-containing degraded mining land.