长江流域防护林林副产品综合开发利用途径综述

本文对长江流域防护林主要构建树种的生物学特性及资源分布、主要林副产品及其用途、开发利用现状等进行了综述，旨在说明长江流域防护林的柏木、马尾松、杜仲、银杏、喜树和香樟等树种的林副产品综合开发利用有着广阔的前景和深远的意义。     

Spatially distributed morphological characteristics of macropores in forest soils of Hitachi Ohta Experimental Watershed, Japan

Morphological characteristics of macropores in forest soil profiles were investigated at Hitachi Ohta Experimental Watershed in Japan. Nine individual profiles at different locations (various spatial scales in a catchment) and twenty profiles at one site (a small spatial scale) were excavated to the bedrock to investigate density, origin, diameter, direction, and gradient of macropores. Macropore densities in a soil profile ranged from 3.5 to 29.1 per m and from 5.4 to 75.1 per m², respectively. Subsurface erosion, root channels, and interactions between subsurface erosion and root channels accounted for 36.9, 36.5, and 19.0%, of the described macropores. The mean macropore diameter in organic-rich soil layer (17–20 mm) was larger than in the B horizon (11–14 mm) at both spatial scales. The dominant gradients of all macropores in the organic-rich soil layer and B horizon were at negative oblique angles. Approximately 90% of the macropores in the organic-rich soil layer and approximately 80% of the macropores in the B horizon fell within the range between −50 and 50 degree planar direction. Subsurface flow and root systems are believed to play important roles in determining the morphological characteristics of macropores. These characteristics appear to have variable influences in different soil horizons rather than at different spatial scales. A part of this paper was presented at the 103th (1992) and 105th (1994) Annual Meetings of Japanese Forestry Society.     

浙西生态保护区森林对径流量影响

通过对浙西生态保护区昌化溪流域长年降雨量、径流量、森林覆盖率和气温数据分析，评价该流域不同季节森林对河川径流量的影响，认为昌化溪流域森林对径流量的正效应，主要是由夏季森林反射太阳辅射引起的，决定径流量增减的主要因素是降雨量和气温。     

The impact of beaver dam removal on the chemical properties of water in drainage ditches in peatland forests

ABSTRACT

Despite near-extinction in the nineteenth century, after efficient restoration measures the population of Eurasian beaver (Castor fiber L.) in Latvia currently is viable and growing. While the ecological effect of the species on water quality and biodiversity is generally positive, the high number of animals in production forests often creates challenges for management. Drainage ditches are among the most favoured habitats of beavers resulting in flooded stands, reduced tree growth and economical losses. The aim of the study was to evaluate the chemical properties of water in forest drainage ditches, affected by beaver activity, and their changes after the dam removal. Chemical composition of surface water in ditches was analysed in sampling points above dam, below dam and in the ditch itself after removal of the dam; results compared to pristine beaver site nearby on a small stream. Results did not show significant differences between concentrations above and below dams. After removal of the dams, significant increase in DOC, N-NO₃ ^-, N-NH₄ ⁺ and TSS concentrations and significant decrease in TP concentrations were observed in some of the sites. Observed concentrations of all measured parameters were significantly lower in pristine beaver site than in beaver sites on drainage ditches.     

膜下滴灌结合暗管排水技术改良新疆盐碱地效果综述

膜下滴灌技术的大面积推广和应用,为新疆乃至西北干旱地区作物高产提供了强大的技术支撑。应用在盐碱地改良中,膜下滴灌“有灌无排”模式仅调节耕层盐分分布,并不能将盐分排出土体,长年灌溉容易引起爆发式积盐的风险,而暗管排水是目前公认的改良盐碱地最直接、最有效的方法。目前,将膜下滴灌与暗管排水有机结合形成的新型灌溉技术,充分利用膜下滴灌良好的抑蒸增温、节水抑盐等优势,同时利用暗管将淋洗盐水及时排出土体,使盐碱化土层产生新的水盐平衡,已在新疆盐碱地区开发利用中得到长足发展。本文重点分析并总结了新疆灌区膜下滴灌结合暗管排水系统的设计参数及土壤水盐运移规律,并综述了土壤理化性质及作物产量对该灌排技术的响应研究,以期为新疆盐碱地农业可持续发展提供理论依据和技术指导。     

Distribution and richness of diadromous fish assemblages in Western Europe: large-scale explanatory factors

Abstract –  The aim of this study was to analyse the distribution of 14 diadromous fish at the beginning of the 20th century in western Europe. This study was conducted on a set of 41 water basins. Five environmental variables were selected and we used generalised additive models for explaining the presence–absence of species. The richest basins were located in the centre of the study area. Six main assemblage types were identified along a latitudinal gradient; they were constituted of a common species basis but differed by the absence or presence of other species. The 10 single species models produced have moderate to very good discrimination level and they can correctly predict both absence and presence. Temperature is included in all but one model, response curves vary according to the species; surface area is included in six models.     

Nitrogen Removal Improvement by Adding Peat in Deep Soil of Su bsu rface Wastewater Infiltration System

In order to enhance the nitrogen removal, a subsurface wastewater infiltration system （SWIS） was improved by adding peat in deep soil as carbon source for denitrification process. The effects of addition of carbon source in the underpart of the SWIS on nitrogen removal at different influents （with the total nitrogen （TN） concentration 40 and 80 mg L^-1, respectively） were investigated by soil column simulating experiments. When the relatively light pollution influent with 40 mg L^-1 TN was used, the average concentrations of NO3-N and TN in effluents were （4.69±0.235）, （6.18±0.079） mg L^-1, respectively, decreased by 32 and 30.8% than the control; the NO3--N concentration of all effluents was below the maximum contaminant level of 10 mg L^-1; as high as 92.67% of the TN removal efficiency was achieved. When relatively heavy pollution influent with 80 mg LITN was used, the average concentrations of NO3--N and TN in effluents were （10.2±0.265）, （12.5±0.148） mg L^-1 respectively, decreased by 20 and 21.2% than the control; the NO3--N concentration of all effluents met the grade Ⅲ of the national quality standard for ground water of China （GB/T 14848-1993） with the values less than 20 mg L^-1; the TN removal efficiency of 94.1% was achieved. In summary, adding peat in the underpart of the SWIS significantly decreased TN and NO3- -N concentration in effluents and the nitrogen removal efficiency improved significantly.     

农村生活污水净化景观潜流池设计

根据农村每户每日污水产生量以及农村生活污水污染的成因和主要组成成分,提出了农村生活污水的治理思路;叙述了污水净化景观潜流池及其净水流程的设计方法,指出了适宜于潜流池生长的水生植物。     

基于DEM的西辽河流域河网水系提取研究

河网水系是对流域进行水文分析的重要数据,其生成的准确性会直接影响水文模型模拟的精度。以西辽河流域为研究区,在ARCGIS软件操作平台上对研究区的数字高程模型数据进行河网水系提取,设定不同的流域汇流累积阈值,分别计算出各模拟河网的分形维数及河网密度,取二者拟合趋势变化相同处阈值对应的河网与实际河网进行比较,发现此处的模拟河网与实际河网具有较高的拟合度,从而避免阈值确定的随机性、主观性等问题,有效地提高流域河网水系提取的精度。     

“玉米带”改种多年生草类后对农田排水的水文效应模拟

该文针对美国密西西比河上游明尼苏达州农田排水氮素流失严重,近年来又大力发展生物燃料产业的现状,采用田间水文模型——DRAINMOD模拟分析了玉米-大豆轮作区改种多年生草类后对农田排水的水文效应。结果表明改种多年生草后,植物耗水量的增加使得农田排水量明显减少;较深的草根系,尤其是在干旱年份消耗了大量的深层土壤水,降低了地下水位。种草后的生物排水量远远大于其他工程措施（如增加排水间距或潜埋排水管等）,可显著减少农田排水氮素流失对水环境的影响。