A seasonal survey of surface water habitats within the River Spey basin,Scotland: major nutrient properties

• 1. Current monitoring strategies of governmental organizations tend to be focused on relatively large flowing and standing waters, and until recently those polluted by point sources. Consequently areas of high conservation interest tend to be understudied, and defining reference conditions, as required by current legislation, is difficult to achieve.
• 2. In order to address this imbalance, water samples have been collected and analysed once in each of four seasons during 2003 from 72 locations within a 100 km² area of the oligotrophic River Spey catchment in NE Scotland. The sampling design included examples of running water (headwater streams and the main rivers) and standing water (lochs, lochans, pools, ditches, backwaters, bogs). Altitude ranged from 220 to 980 m and incorporated a climatic regime from cool temperate to sub‐alpine. Each sampling campaign targeted low‐flow conditions to evaluate steady‐state nutrient concentrations.
• 3. Concentrations of the major soluble nutrients nitrogen and phosphorus demonstrated high spatial and temporal variability, with soluble organic and molybdate unreactive forms generally being dominant. Concentrations of ammonium‐N, nitrate‐N and soluble reactive phosphorus were extremely small, with 50% of samples falling below 8, 5 and 1 µg L^?1, respectively, during spring and summer.
• 4. Sampling sites were grouped either by water‐body type or by the properties of their immediate biophysical zone. Together these two groupings explained 33–38% of the variance in water chemistry. Certain changes were detectable across most habitats and biophysical zones.
• 5. A decline in the concentration of nitrate that occurred in reaches downstream from certain headwater streams draining the mountain areas indicated the potential for its within‐stream utilization. Inorganic N dynamics differed between small streams and large rivers.
• 6. Landscape‐scale patterns were recorded in spring and summer nutrient availability with inorganic N and P thresholds (arbitrarily defined) of 10 and 1 µg L^?1, respectively.

Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

浅谈培养高职学生计算机实验能力

高职教育的"职业性"特点决定培养高素质的技术应用型、创新型专业人才.本文根据高职学生的培养目标,结合计算机实验教学,就高职学生实验能力的培养作些探讨.     

大学计算机基础实验系统的开发与应用

大学计算机基础课程的一个最重要的教学目就是让学生掌握计算机基本应用技能,可见上机实践在课程中重要性.我们开发本系统就是以任务驱动式的学习方式让学生学习起来目的明确、效果显现、更有成就感,从而激发对计算机应用知识的兴趣,促进学生自主学习,为今后学习和应用计算机打下良好基础.     

学分制下高校图书馆参考咨询服务模式探讨

本文论述了学分制下参考咨询服务工作的特点,在此基础上,结合本单位工作实践,提出了专职与兼职相结合、传统与现代相结合的服务模式.     

Methods of assessing extinction risk in marine fishes

The decline and disappearance of species from large parts of their former geographical range has become an important issue in fisheries ecology. There is a need to identify which species are at risk of extinction. The available approaches have been subject to considerable debate – particularly when applied to commercially exploited species. Here we have compiled methods that have been used or may be used for assessing threat status of marine organisms. We organize the methods according to the availability of data on the natural history, ecology and population biology of species. There are three general approaches to inferring or assessing extinction risk: (i) correlative approaches based on knowledge of life histories and ecology; (ii) time‐series approaches that examine changes in abundance; and (iii) demographic approaches based on age‐ or stage‐based schedules of vital rates and fisheries reference points. Many methods are well suited to species that are highly catchable and/or have relatively low productivity, but theory is less well developed for assessing extinction risk in species exhibiting narrow geographical distributions or ecological specialization. There is considerable variation in both definitions of extinction risk and the precision and defensibility of the available risk assessment methods, so we suggest a two‐tiered approach for defining and assessing extinction risk. First, simple methods requiring a few easily estimated parameters are used to triage or rapidly assess large numbers of populations and species to identify potentially vulnerable populations or species. Second, the populations and species identified as vulnerable by this process can then be subject to more detailed and rigorous population analysis explicitly considering sources of error and uncertainty.     

Stability comparison of three candidate internal reference genes in Chinese giant salamander (Andrias davidianus)

The Chinese giant salamander (Andrias davidianus) as food and medicinal product has been an important aquaculture object in China. Study of gene function in the Chinese giant salamander requires accurate normalization though the use of appropriate reference genes. In this study, the expression levels of three candidate reference genes including β‐actin, GAPDH and cytb of different tissues, different developmental stages and different challenges in Chinese giant salamander were evaluated by qPCR. The stabilities of these three reference genes were analysed by geNorm, NormFinder and BestKeeper software. The results showed that the expression of GAPDH was more stable than that of β‐actin and cytb in four tissues and at two developmental stages of Chinese giant salamander. Compared with GAPDH and cytb, β‐actin was the most stable in spleen of Chinese giant salamander treated with LPS or GSIV. Therefore, the result showed that GAPDH was the suitable reference gene in different tissues and at different developmental stages of Chinese giant salamander. The β‐actin could be used as a reference gene in spleen of Chinese giant salamander challenged with LPS and GSIV. This study provides convincing information for the GAPDH and β‐actin as suitable reference gene in Chinese giant salamander of different tissues, different developmental stages and different challenges respectively.     

信息时代高校图书馆的发展困境与突破口

在我国的高等院校中,图书馆由于其自身资源优势而承担着重要的职能。发展我国高等教育和繁荣社会文化事业缺少不了高校图书馆建设。但信息时代,我国高校图书馆面临诸多困境,分析了信息时代我国高校图书馆的发展困境,并提出了走出这些困境的突破口。     

研究型学院本科教学运行管理体系的构建与实践

研究型学院以培养创新人才和发展研究型教学为核心，构建适应研究型学院本科教学运行管理体系是实现这一核心任务的根本保证。通过探索和实践，初步构建了适合研究型学院的，能有效确保教学正常运行的管理体系，实现教学管理科学化、规范化、制度化，不断提高人才培养质量和管理水平。     

影响大学生体育欣赏能力的致动因素探究及对策

通过调查分析得出影响大学生体育欣赏水平的因素,并提出了提高高校学生体育欣赏能力的对策。