全人工饲料培育施氏鲟苗种试验

为提高施氏鲟的开食率和苗种成活率,在流水条件下,选取刚孵化出膜、体质健壮的施氏鲟仔鱼1000尾,投喂人工配合饲料进行强化开口试验,观察其摄食习性、生长与形态发育变化。结果表明:在16～25℃水温条件下,经100d饲养,平均全长达28.3cm,平均体重达69.7g,并获得了的86.7%开口成活率和73.4%的最终成活率。     

海水养殖杂交鲟对环境变化耐受性的试验研究

试验结果表明:海水养殖杂交鲟的适宜温度为5.0~22.0℃,临界上限水温为26.0℃,临界下限水温为3.0℃;耐受盐度的范围比较广泛,为1.0~38.0,适宜养殖的盐度为8.0~32.0;耐pH值的范围为4.7~9.8,适宜养殖的pH值为6.9~8.8。杂交鲟对环境变化耐受性范围较大,可以保证杂交鲟可以更好地适应其生存环境,以避免由于环境因子的激变造成海水养殖杂交鲟的大规模死亡。     

俄罗斯鲟肌肉营养成份的分析

采用生化分析方法对工厂化养殖的1龄和2龄俄罗斯鲟的肌肉营养成份进行检测。结果表明,1龄鱼的水分含量为80.84%,蛋白质含量为16.10%,脂肪含量为2.14%,灰分含量为0.92%;2龄鱼的水分含量为79.96%,蛋白质含量为15.00%,脂肪含量为4.08%,灰分含量为1.26%;1龄俄罗斯鲟肌肉中蛋白质含量高于2龄,脂肪含量低于2龄,且差异均显著;1龄和2龄俄罗斯鲟肌肉蛋白质中都含有18种氨基酸,平均含量分别为15.60%、14.46%,其中8种人体必需氨基酸平均含量分别为6.30%、5.95%,4种呈味氨基酸的平均含量分别为6.70%、6.26%;1龄和2龄俄罗斯鲟肌肉中都包含有9类脂肪酸,脂肪酸总量及各类脂肪酸含量都非常接近。     

Comparative study of the intestinal microbial community of wild and cultured kaluga sturgeon,Huso dauricus

The kaluga, Huso dauricus (Georgi 1775), is a large‐sized semi‐anadromous sturgeon native to the Amur River basin. Gut microbes play an important role in the growth and development of fish. Because wild samples of this species are difficult to obtain, very few studies have analysed the microbial community of the kaluga gut. Here, we used high‐throughput sequencing to determine differences in the intestinal microbial communities of wild and cultured kaluga, to lay the foundation for development of micro‐ecological preparations that might ultimately assist with conserving wild kaluga by benefitting sturgeon aquaculture. Two 2‐year‐old (wild) fish collected from the Heilongjiang River basin were size‐ and age‐matched with two 2‐year‐old (cultured) fish obtained from a breeding base in Yunnan Province, for molecular analysis of gut samples. In total, 483,008 16S rRNA sequences were obtained. The intestinal microbial diversity was greater in the wild kaluga than in the cultured fish. The dominant phyla in the gut community of wild kaluga were Proteobacteria (47.9%), Fusobacteria (30.5%) and Firmicutes (8.85%), whereas samples from the cultured kaluga were dominated by Fusobacteria (78%). This result may be attributed to differences in environmental conditions, particularly water quality and temperature, as well as diet between the wild and cultured animals. The findings provide basic data to assist further research and the development of feed as a part of artificial breeding technology.     

Fishmeal replacement by soybean,rapeseed and cottonseed meals in hybrid sturgeon Acipenser baerii ♀ × Acipenser schrenckii ♂

A 12‐week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of replacing fishmeal (FM) with soybean meal (SBM), rapeseed meal (RM) and cottonseed meal (CSM) on growth, feed utilization and body composition of juvenile hybrid sturgeon Acipenser baerii ♀ × Acipenser schrenckii ♂ (initial body weight, 8.63 ± 0.24 g). Five isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets were formulated as follows: a control diet (FM60) containing 600 g/kg FM and four other diets (FM45, FM30, FM15 and FM0 containing 450, 300, 150 and 0 g/kg FM, respectively) where protein from FM was substituted by a mixture of SBM, RM and CSM. Fish fed FM0 and FM15 had poorer growth performance, feed utilization, apparent digestibility coefficients of dry matter, protein, lipid and gross energy, and fed FM0 had poorer hepatosomatic index and survival compared with the fish fed FM60. The whole body lipid in fish fed FM0 was significantly higher than that in fish fed FM60 and FM15. This study indicates that 300 g/kg of FM can be replaced with a mixture of SBM, RM and CSM in the diet of juvenile hybrid sturgeon without compromising growth performance, feed utilization and body composition.     

饲料中不同糖源对杂交鲟幼鱼生长性能、血清生化指标和肌肉营养成分的影响

为探讨不同糖源对鲟鱼生长、饲料利用、血清生化指标和肌肉营养组成的影响,共配制5种含有不同糖源(葡萄糖、蔗糖、糊精、玉米淀粉、小麦淀粉)的等氮、等脂试验饲料,饲养初始体质量为(31.88±1.96)g的杂交鲟Acipenser baerii♀×Acipenser schrenckii♂幼鱼8周。结果表明:各试验组的成活率和日摄食率无显著性差异(P0.05);葡萄糖组终末体质量、增重率、特定生长率和蛋白质沉积率均显著低于其他各组(P0.05),而饲料系数则显著高于其他各组(P0.05);糊精组干物质表观消化率和蛋白质表观消化率均为最高,且显著高于葡萄糖组和蔗糖组(P0.05),但与玉米淀粉组和小麦淀粉组无显著性差异(P0.05);葡萄糖组的血糖、血清胆固醇和血清甘油三酯含量均为最高,其中血糖和血清胆固醇指标显著高于其他各组(P0.05),而血清甘油三酯指标则与蔗糖组无显著性差异(P0.05),但显著高于其他3个试验组(P0.05);糊精组肌糖原含量显著高于其他各组(P0.05),而其余各组间则无显著性差异(P0.05),糊精组肝糖原含量最低,且显著低于葡萄糖组和小麦淀粉组(P0.05);葡萄糖组粗脂肪含量最高,且显著高于其他各组(P0.05),小麦淀粉组粗蛋白质含量最高,且显著高于其他各组(P0.05),但与玉米淀粉组无显著性差异(P0.05)。研究表明,在本试验条件下,玉米淀粉和小麦淀粉更适宜作为杂交鲟幼鱼饲料糖源。     

液熏鲟鱼片生产工艺优化与品质影响分析

研究了液熏鲟鱼片的加工工艺及其对品质的影响,以期为液熏鲟鱼片产品开发提供理论指导。从烟熏液种类、烟熏液质量分数、液熏时间和干燥时间4个方面对烟熏鲟鱼片的工艺进行了优化。结果表明,山楂核烟熏香味料Ⅱ号,烟熏液质量分数5%,液熏3 h,85℃干燥2 h处理条件下液熏鲟鱼片具有浓郁而宜人的烟熏风味。进一步从微生物、含水率、粗蛋白、脂肪、盐分、有效酸度(p H值)、挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N)、苯并芘和挥发性风味成分方面评价鱼片液熏干燥后品质的变化,结果表明鲟鱼片总菌数由液熏前2×10~3CFU/g减少为液熏后5×10~2CFU/g,酚类物质相对含量由液熏前0.89%升高到液熏后8.62%。鲟鱼片液熏干燥后含水率减少而粗蛋白、粗脂肪含量升高,产品中未检出致病菌,苯并芘含量(质量比)仅为0.22μg/kg。以上研究结果表明经本试验优化工艺制得的液熏鲟鱼片产品微生物及苯并芘含量符合相关标准,且风味良好,适宜进行大规模生产和推广。     

The role of dietary L‐ascorbyl‐2‐polyphosphate on the growth and physiological functions of beluga,Huso huso (Linnaeus, 1758)

Effects of dietary ascorbic acid (AA) supplementation were carried out on growth performance and physiological indices in juvenile beluga Huso huso fed different levels of dietary L‐ascorbyl‐2‐polyphosphate as AA source consisting of 0 (control), 100, 200, 400, 800 and 1600 mg AA kg^?1 diet for 16 weeks. No significant differences were found in growth performances between treated groups except for condition factor. Using AA caused significant differences in haemoglobin, number of red blood cells, white blood cells, aspartate aminotranspherase and lactate dehydrogenase, while no significant difference was found in haematocrit, mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration, differential white blood cells count and alkaline phosphatase activity at the end of the experiment. Lysozyme activity after 8 weeks was significantly affected by dietary treatments with the lowest value in fish fed control diet, but not at completion of 16‐week feeding trial. Liver AA concentration showed a significant increase in correlation with dietary AA increase. Air exposure stress test showed significant differences among the treatments in case of cortisol and glucose concentrations. Also between pre‐ and post stress, significant changes were observed in some of treatments. The lowest and highest levels of cortisol were 9.2 ± 3 (in 200 mg kg^?1) and 16.8 ± 5.1 ng mL^?1 (in control), 6 h post stress (P < 0.05) respectively. Also, the lowest and highest levels of glucose were measured in fish fed 200 and 800 mg AA kg^?1 respectively. The obtained results showed that most growth parameters were not affected by dietary AA, but some physiological and immunological parameters of this species were influenced by this vitamin. We suggest that under rearing conditions, AA should be added to the diet especially during early life stages for improving health status and resistance to stressors.     

复方中草药对施氏鲟非特异性免疫功能的影响

为筛选适用于施氏鲟养殖的优良中草药免疫增强剂,以3种复方中草药为材料,开展其对施氏鲟非特异性免疫功能影响的比较研究。将1⁺龄施氏鲟随机分为3个试验组和1个对照组,每组2个平行,每个平行200尾。试验组和对照组按照体质量的2.5%每天分别投喂添加复方中草药的饲料和全价基础饲料,连续饲喂35天。停饲24 h后,采集试验鱼血清、肝、脾、肾等组织,对各组织中补体(C3、C4)含量、溶菌酶含量、一氧化氮(NO)含量、总一氧化氮合酶(TNOS)活性、诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)活性进行检测。结果显示：与对照组相比,3个试验组施氏鲟血清中C3、C4的含量均呈上升趋势,其中复方三组C3、C4含量显著高于对照组(P＜0.05);复方三组血清中溶菌酶含量显著高于对照组(P＜0.05),复方一、二组血清中溶菌酶含量略高于对照组但差异不显著(P＞0.05),肝、脾中溶菌酶含量与对照组相比均无显著变化(P＞0.05);复方一、复方三组血清中NO含量显著高于对照组(P＜0.05),3个试验组脾中NOS的活性较对照组均有上升趋势,但无显著差异(P＞0.05);嗜水气单胞菌攻毒试验表明,相较于对照组,3种复方中草药组施氏鲟成活率均升高。因此,自组复方三能有效增强施氏鲟非特异性免疫功能,是一种适用于施氏鲟的优良中草药免疫增强剂。     

Incubation rate and larvae size of Persian sturgeon (Acipenser persicus Borodin 1897) in relation to sperm restripping

In this study, 11 wild male brood fish were used and their mean ages were 15.08 ± 1.66. The luteinizing hormone‐releasing hormone analogue (LH‐RH‐A₂) was used to stimulate twice in few days interval (3–7 days) and then semen samples were stripped. The results showed that there was significant difference among the percentage of motile spermatozoa, sperm density and spermatocrit during two strippings (P < 0.05). The duration of sperm motility in first and second stripping was 315/83 ± 162.16 and 212.5 ± 110.53 s respectively. Also, sperm pH was 8.41 ± 0.53 and 8.05 ± 0.33 in first and second stripping respectively. There was significant differences between hatching rate, as well as larvae size significantly changed in both hatching and initiation of active feeding (P < 0.05).