不同温度下雌激素对施氏鲟早期性腺发育及血清性激素的影响

在不同养殖温度下注射外源雌激素后对孵化后90日龄的施氏鲟性未分化的仔鱼进行培育,研究早期性腺发育过程中组织结构和血清性激素含量的变化,以了解温度和外源雌激素对施氏鲟幼鱼性分化和性别比率的影响,探讨施氏鲟的早期性别控制方法和机制。在不同试验温度下,注射外源雌激素-17β-estradiol(E2)30 d后,使施氏鲟幼鱼的卵巢分化提前,但未能改变施氏鲟雌雄1∶1的性别比率。注射24 h后各温度组血浆T含量下降到0 ng.mL-1,显著低于对照组0.46 ng.mL-1的水平(P<0.05)。注射30 d后,血浆T含量有所回升,但以高温组21、24和27℃组的血浆T含量开始回升,27℃组回升幅度最大,与处理前水平无显著差异(P>0.05)。注射后24 h,各温度组血浆E2含量显著升高(P<0.05),7 d后开始缓慢降低,15 d后降到最低值后开始回升,30 d时血浆E2含量与对照组差异不显著(P>0.05)。与注射后血清T含量一样,以温度高组回升快,最快组为21℃组。结果表明,注射17β-E2不能改变施氏鲟的性别比率,但对施氏鲟血浆T和E2含量具有一定影响作用。     

黄芪对史氏鲟抗氧化能力及免疫力的影响

采用灌服的方法研究了黄芪Astragalus m em branaceus水煎剂对1 龄史氏鲟Acipenser schrencki部分非特异性免疫指标和抗氧化能力的影响。试验分3组进行,每组放史氏鲟10尾,每日灌服1次黄芪水煎剂,剂量均按每100 g鱼体重灌服0.3 mL药液,相当于黄芪(干物质)的用量为日投喂饲料重量的0.5%(A组)、1.0%(B组)和2.0%(C组),对照组鱼灌服蒸馏水。结果显示:A组和B组的史氏鲟被灌服黄芪水煎剂后,血浆及各组织中的溶菌酶含量呈升高的趋势,C组鱼的不同组织变化不一,但均无统计学意义;史氏鲟血浆中的一氧化氮(NO)及一氧化氮合酶(NOS)无显著变化,但B组和C组史氏鲟肝脏中的NO含量与对照组有显著差异(P<0.05),C组史氏鲟肝脏中的NOS活性也与对照组有显著差异(P<0.05);对史氏鲟血浆及肝脏中超氧化物岐化酶(SOD)的活性有增强作用,尤其B组鱼的SOD酶活性较对照组显著升高;黄芪能显著降低史氏鲟血浆中丙二醛(MDA)的含量,提高史氏鲟的抗氧化能力。     

我国鲟人工养殖业面临的机遇与挑战

简述了鲟人工养殖业在我国的发展历程与现状,以及鲟人工养殖业目前所存在的问题;探讨了鲟人工养殖也面临的机会——养殖雌性鲟成鱼,加工鱼子酱,并简要介绍鱼子酱的价值及其加工工艺,为我国鲟人工养殖业在未来几年的发展指明了方向。     

长江口中华鲟幼鲟补充量波动特征分析

长江口中华鲟自然保护区是中华鲟幼鲟入海前调节和索饵的重要场所,研究该水域幼鲟补充量特征的长期变化规律对于保护该物种具有重要意义。通过研究2005-2013年幼鲟数量和生物学特征的监测数据发现:(1)不同年份间长江口水域中华鲟幼鲟的初次见苗时间、最后退苗时间和时间跨度存在较大波动;(2)幼鲟补充量在监测期内总体呈现下降趋势,年际波动也非常明显;(3)方差分析显示,不同年份间幼鲟的平均全长和平均体质量存在显著性的差异(P0.05);(4)相关分析结果表明,幼鲟的平均全长与最后退苗时间之间存在较高的相关性(R=0.719 6,P0.05),这也许可以解释2007年平均全长偏高的异常现象。     

The loss of genetic diversity in Dabry's sturgeon (Acipenser dabryanus,Dumeril) as revealed by DNA fingerprinting

• 1. Dabry's sturgeon, a large, long‐lived migratory fish is endemic to the Yangtze River. Over‐fishing and habitat destruction have caused large‐scale declines in natural stocks in the last two decades.
• 2. Examining patterns of genetic diversity has become an integral component of many management plans for endangered species. DNA fingerprinting was applied to detect genetic diversity in Dabry's sturgeon collected in 1958–1959, 1980–1981 and 1998–1999.
• 3. Studies on direct genetic parameters (genetic variability, hypervariable loci and heterozygosity) and indirect parameters (band‐sharing coefficient and allelic frequency) showed that the continuous decline in wild populations has caused the loss of genetic diversity in present‐day sturgeon.
• 4. The present‐day populations have the lowest genetic variability; thus, effective management is needed to preserve genetic diversity.
• 5. A conservation strategy is urgently required, comprising artificial rearing facilities coupled with breeding management plans.

Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Mortality and recovery of runt white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) in a commercial farm in California, USA

We investigated the effect of raising runt white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) separately from dominant fish during the initial stages of grow-out in a commercial farm. Runt fish are poor-growers, have underdeveloped muscle mass, swim slowly and are more-frequently found at the top of the water column. The objective of the study was to describe the mortality and recovery rates (and their determinants) of white-sturgeon runts after separating them from dominant fish. Runt white sturgeon were stocked into twelve 2 m × 2 m rectangular tanks and graded periodically during a follow-up of 46–102 days. Overall mortality rates ranged from 0.3 to 7 dead fish per 1000 sturgeon-days at risk and overall recovery rates from 3.9 to 13.5 recovered fish per 1000 sturgeon-days at risk. Period-specific mortality and recovery rates increased over time. The period-specific mortality rates for all three periods were significantly higher for tanks of runts originating from grow-out tanks with high mortality (p-values: first period = 0.06; second period = 0.09; third period = 0.03), but were similar for tanks of runts of high- and low-mean initial weight. The period-specific recovery rates were significantly higher in runts originating from high-mortality grow-out tanks only for the third period (p = 0.05) but not the first and second periods (p-values = 0.33 and 0.25, respectively). Recovery rates were significantly higher in the higher-mean-weight runts tanks for the first and third period but not for the second (p-values: first period = 0.02; second period = 0.65; third period = 0.06). We concluded that the proportion of runts that recover during a 46–89 day period is substantial (16–58%); therefore, it might be worthwhile growing such fish separately in a fish farm for about three months. Financial analysis showed that this practice was profitable, if the value of white sturgeon fish for the farm exceeded $2.05 per kg.     

Histological and histochemical changes in the digestive tract of white sturgeon larvae during ontogeny

Ontogenetic changes in digestive tract histology and digestive enzyme histochemistry were investigated 11 to 36 days post-hatch in white sturgeon Acipenser transmontanus larvae. From initiation of exogenous feeding (12 days post-hatch), larvae were fed a commercial salmonid diet for the ensuing 24 days. The digestive system of white sturgeon displayed a high degree of morphologic organization and functionality at the onset of exogenous feeding. An enhancement of digestive capacities occurred with transition to active feeding. On day 2 of feeding, there was a clear increase of alkaline phosphatase, aminopeptidase M, dipeptidyl peptidase IV, and -glutamyl transpeptidase activity in the brush border of the spiral intestine. This strong activity is an apparent confirmation of the importance of this segment of the intestine for protein digestion and nutrient absorption. The functional development of the pyloric intestine occurred on day 4 and was concomitant with an increase in the activity of brush border and cytoplasmic enzymes such as acetylcholinesterase, dipeptidyl peptidase II, - and -galactosidases. The absence of acetylcholinesterase, lactase, nonspecific esterase, and weak activity of exopeptidases and alkaline phosphatase in the anterior intestine suggests that this segment of the intestine may be less important in nutrient absorption than the pyloric and spiral intestines. The observed quantitative and qualitative differences in enzyme activity along the intestine indicate a high degree of specialization of each segment for specific digestive and absorptive processes.     

Effects of steroid hormones on in vitro oocyte maturation in white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus)

The in vitro effects of several steroids on the maturation of intact white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) ovarian follicles were investigated. At the highest concentration (1024 ng ml^–1 for the C21 steroids and 1139 ng ml^–1 for the C19 steroids), all of the C21 steroids tested, progesterone (P4), 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17OHP), 17,20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (17,20-P), 17,(20,21-trihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one 20-S), 11-deoxycortisol (S) and cortisol (F), as well as testosterone (T) induced germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) at 14 and 22 h. At 6 h, only P4 and 17,20-P induced maturation at the highest concentration (1024 ng ml^–1). At 14 and 22 h, 11-deoxycortisol was the most potent steroid inducer of GVBD followed by P4, 17OHP, 17,20-P, and 20-S. The steroid 11-hydroxytestosterone (11OHT) was completely ineffective at all concentrations and exposure times. The C21 steroids induced oocyte maturation at concentrations ranging from 4 to 1024 ng ml^–1, whereas T induced GVBD at 225 to 1139 ng ml^–1. Calculation of the mean effective concentration that induced 50% GVBD (EC50) from the 22 h incubations revealed the following order of potencies: S > P4 > 17OHP > 17,20-P > 20-S >> F > T. These bioassay results, together with previous findings on the endogenous production of steroids by ovarian follicles from gonadotropin-primed females, indicate that more than one steroid has a biological role in the resumption of meiosis in sturgeon oocytes and provides empirical evidence for P4, 17OHP, S, 20-S, and 17,20-P as maturation-inducing steroids in white sturgeon.     

中华鲟小水体养殖试验初报

在7.2m^3水泥池中，采和人工配制饲料对中华鲟（Acipenser sinensis)进行养殖试验，通过4个阶段180d的养殖，鱼尾均增重1817.5g,日均增重分别为8．5，8．9，9．2，12．3，饲料系数为1．96，2．12，2．33，2．21。中华鲟在水水温处于8－29，1℃时均可摄食生长，利用人工配制养殖中华鲟的前景乐观。