杉木小径材胶拼技术

杉木小径材胶拼技术以６－１２ｃｍ的衫木小径材为原料，通过制材、胶拼、干燥和加工等工艺，生产出较大规格的板方材，可代替杉木中、大径材用于家俱、建筑等行业。     

What is new about new forest owners? A typology of private forest ownership in Austria

With structural changes in agriculture, new types of forest owners have become increasingly important. This article develops an empirically-based typology of forest owners in Austria. Based on a representative survey and by means of cluster analysis, seven types of forest owners are identified. These types form a sequence, ranging from forest owners with a strong agricultural background to forest owners with no agricultural background at all. The latter exhibit markedly different behaviour in various respects, e.g. in their interest in forest-related information. The increasing number of ‘new’ forest owners raises important questions for forest policy, especially how policy instruments can reach these owners and how extension services can address them.     

柞、硬阔叶树与软阔叶树原条材种出材量(率)表的编制

我国50～60年代初期,林业部综合队曾编制红松(Pinus koraiensis Sieb.et Zucc.)、云杉(Picea spp.)、马尾松(Pinus massoniana Lamb.)、兴安落叶松(Larix gmelini(Rupr.)Rupr.)、白桦(Betula platyphylla Suk.)等树种材种出材量表,70～80年代各省(区)市、规划院、科研等单位对杉(Cunninghamia lanceolata Hook.)、落叶松、山杨(Populus davidiana     

Large cardamom (Amomum subulatum Roxb.) plantation — An age old agroforestry system in Eastern Himalayas

Large cardamom (Amomum subulatum Roxb.) is a shade loving plant grown in the Indian hill states of Sikkim and Dargeeling district of West Bengal. About 30 important tree species are used to provide shade to the cardamom plants. Alnus nepalensis, a deciduous, nitrogen fixing and fast growing tree, is the species most commonly underplanted with cardamom. In addition to providing shade, it is also used for fuelwood. The old trees are cut and young plants coming up are allowed to grow in cyclic order. The quick decomposing leaf litter of A. nepalensis also fertilises the cardamom plants. The nitrogen added to the soil in this way has been found to be as high as 249 kg/ha. Large cardamom thrives well in a moist soil, which is maintained by water diverted from seasonal springs on the upper slopes. The system is well suited to conserving soil, water and tree cover of the characteristically steep slopes of the region. Moreover, the management inputs required for growing cardamom are low but the crop gives a higher financial return than rice or maize. The shade trees used in the system are also a major source of fuel, fodder and timber, especially as access to state owned forests is restricted by legislation. However, increasing incidence of viral chirkey and foorkey disease, panicle rot and capsule borer are reducing the cardamom productivity. It has been observed that integrating dairying and apiculture will further augment profitability from large cardamom agroforestry system.     

国有林场树种结构调整及稳定性分析--以湖南省国有武冈林场为例

运用目标规划模型对湖南省国有武冈林场的森林树种结构进行优化,得到其理想的树种结构,然后计算出理想树种结构的信息熵和信息熵相对值,用于评价该场的树种结构稳定性.评价结果表明:该场1990～1999年的树种结构信息熵变化不大,稍有增势,比理想的树种结构信息熵偏小,这说明该场现有的树种结构处于过于有序状态,即,人工干扰过大,会损失某些利用功能.该评价结果可为其森林经营结构的调整提拱科学的参考依据.     

木材激光烧蚀设备总体结构设计

飞秒-纳秒量级脉冲激光烧蚀材料表面技术广泛应用于机械微加工、外科手术、生物分子质谱以及艺术品修复和清洁等领域。基于该技术,从激光烧蚀设备的结构、传动类型、部件选型、技术措施等方面对设备样机进行设计。     

基于C语言的结构用集成材木梁抗弯刚度模型研究

基于平行轴定理,采用变换截面法建立结构用集成材木梁的抗弯刚度C语言可执行程序模型,并通过足尺木梁的抗弯力学性能试验验证模型的有效性。本试验根据木材抗弯弹性模量测定方法国家标准（GB/T 1936.2—2009）中的相关要求,测定层板木材的抗弯弹性模量并将其导入C语言程序模型,得到梁体抗弯刚度的模型理论值。依据结构用集成材国家标准（GB/T 26899—2011）对木梁进行四点抗弯测试并实时采集梁体跨中挠度、荷载数据,得到梁体抗弯刚度的实测值。对比梁体抗弯刚度的模型理论值与实测值,得出其平均相对误差率为3.89%。结构用集成材木梁抗弯刚度模型的建立应充分考虑梁体自身的构造缺陷,以综合层板的力学性能变异性及尺寸效应等影响因素,合理引入修正系数,提高模型的准确度与适用性。     

落叶松层板分级质量评价

对落叶松胶合木用层板进行目测分级并测定其弹性模量和静曲强度,研究各等级层板的弹性模量和静曲强度及其相互之间的关系,探讨层板目测分级和机械弹性模量分级的科学性、合理性。结果表明:根据层板缺陷进行目测分级,等级高的层板其弹性模量和静曲强度的平均值和5%分位值高,目测分级能够基本反映其材质性能,具有一定的科学性与合理性;但目测分级层板弹性模量和静曲强度值的离散度很大,目测分级所能达到的准确与可靠程度决定其不能替代机械弹性模量分级。机械弹性模量分级层板的静曲强度与弹性模量呈正相关性,但各等级层板的静曲强度与弹性模量的相关系数大不相同,其静曲强度值的离散度也比较大,说明该分级方法还有改善的余地。更加科学、可靠的胶合木层板分级方法还有待进一步的探索研究。     

DNA技术在木材来源鉴定中的应用

DNA技术在木材树种鉴别和产地鉴定方面有较高的准确性,可用于提高木材合法性检验的可信度和木制品产销链跟踪,具有国际通用性和可行性.然而由于DNA技术特点和木材特性,其实际应用尚有一定难度.未来还需加大投资和研发力度,尽快建立公共数据库,发挥其在合法木材贸易中的重要作用.     

马铃薯联合收获机环形减损集薯升运装置设计与试验

针对现有马铃薯联合收获机升运输送行程长而导致伤薯率高、破皮率高、机具结构不紧凑等问题,结合北方马铃薯主产区收获模式,设计了一款适用于马铃薯升运作业的环形减损集薯升运装置。在阐述总体结构及工作原理基础上,结合马铃薯运动学模型和碰撞特性分析,得到影响升运效率和薯块损伤的主要因素,通过DEM-MBD耦合构建薯块和装置模型,得到最优参数组合：升运挡板高度为199.21 mm、升运挡板与升运输送带间夹角为75.86°、相邻两升运挡板间距为240.35 mm。台架试验表明：上料量为24 t/h,升运输送带运行速度为0.8、1.0、1.2 m/s时,电子马铃薯采集的碰撞加速度峰值平均值为636.63、593.29、685.63 m/s²,破皮率为1.13%、1.06%、1.21%,碰撞加速度峰值均小于马铃薯临界损伤阈值。田间试验表明：作业速度为0.6、0.7、0.8 m/s时,伤薯率为0.94%、1.06%、1.12%,破皮率为1.09%、1.21%、1.33%,环形减损集薯升运装置运行正常,未出现薯块掉落等现象,各部件配合协调,满足装袋型马铃薯联合收获机高效稳定的作业要求。