不同精度的土壤数据对水质和水量模拟的影响

【背景】模型模拟是研究面源污染的重要手段,建模过程中输入数据的质量是影响模型准确度的重要因素,其中土壤数据作为流域模型的重要输入数据之一,对模型的产流过程有重要的影响。然而,以往的研究多集中于土壤数据精度对水量和水文过程的影响,对水质的研究还比较欠缺。【目的】为丰富该领域建模的先验知识,为流域模型建立过程中的数据选择提供帮助。【方法】采用SWAT(soil&water assessment tool)模型,利用不同精度(1:5万、1:50万和1:100万)的土壤数据进行建模,对凤羽河流域的水量、泥沙、总氮和总磷含量进行了模拟。并采用SWAT-CUP软件进行参数的率定,得到基于3种不同土壤数据的最佳模拟结果。在此基础上,研究不同精度土壤数据对水文响应单元划分、模型参数、水质和水量模拟的影响。【结果】(1)土壤数据对水文响应单元(HRU,hydrologic response unit)的划分数量有明显影响,HRU划分数量的敏感性与划分阈值及土壤图详细程度有关;(2)进行参数率定后模型的表现效果有明显的提高,不同精度的土壤数据对于不同指标(流量、泥沙、总氮和总磷)的模拟效果存在差异...     

基于机器视觉的马铃薯黑心病检测机构设计与试验

马铃薯黑心病是一种难以用肉眼分辨的内部病害。在生产加工中,为了准确检出黑心病个体,该研究基于光在马铃薯块茎组织中的透射特性设计了一种马铃薯黑心病检测机构。机构主要包括马铃薯块茎承托槽、光源单元以及光源位置调节轨道等部分,光源单元包括2个LED面光源,形成多点透射的结构,光源波长为705 nm。文中取50个正常样品和29个黑心样品采集图像分析,经过预处理,分别提取马铃薯目标图像和马铃薯高灰度区域的灰度平均值,以二者的相对比值作为黑心病的判别参数。通过与单点透射模式所采集的正常样品图像的相对比值比较,由该机构所采集的正常图像的相对比值普遍偏小,表明所获得图像的灰度均匀性更好,同时得到光源较佳夹角为45°。在该机构下获得的正常样品和黑心样品的灰度平均值相对比值的分类阈值为0.220,得到2种样品的判断正确率分别为98%和96.6%,且黑心样品的相对比值更大,表明使用该机构可以检测黑心马铃薯样品。该研究为马铃薯黑心病检测机构的设计提供了参考。     

苎麻茎秆机械分离过程力学建模与试验分析

现有苎麻茎秆机械分离技术主要核心工作部件是剥麻辊结构,试验以该核心工作部件为基础,构建了新型茎秆分离台架。苎麻茎秆分离过程是由折断和麻皮麻骨分离瞬时完成的,以此推导了辊齿对麻秆作用的折断能和分离能的关系表达式,分析了结构参数对茎秆分离的影响;在此基础上,对主要部件剥麻辊以辊转速、辊半径、辊齿数、啮合深度为试验因素,设置了L9(34)正交试验。结果表明,各因素对剥净率影响的高低排序为剥麻辊转速、啮合深度、剥麻辊齿数、剥麻辊半径,较优组合为剥麻辊转速900 r/min、啮合深度5 mm、剥麻辊齿数20个、剥麻辊半径120 mm,此时剥净率为98.42%。试验揭示了苎麻茎秆机械分离的机理,优化了剥麻技术的工艺参数,为剥麻技术的开发提供了技术支撑。     

省域尺度下畜禽粪便的农田消纳量及承载负荷研究

为了解畜禽养殖粪便还田利用消除养殖污染的重要途径,在构建畜禽粪便的农田消纳量及承载负荷模型的基础上,在省域尺度下分析了我国不同省区主要畜禽类型粪便产生总氮(TN)、单位面积畜禽粪便TN的容纳量以及单位面积畜禽粪便TN的承载负荷。结果表明,全国畜禽粪便TN产生量是380.56万t,其中猪、奶牛、肉牛、蛋鸡和肉鸡粪便TN分别占41.2%、13.7%、8.7%、1.5%和34.9%,总量分布山东最高占到15.9%,其次河南占13.4%,河北第三占9.2%。单位面积的畜禽粪便TN容纳量北京最高,单位耕地面积达到83.2kg/hm~2,单位播种面积达到68.2kg/hm~2,低于耕地面积的承载量90kg/hm~2的安全消纳的临界点。基于欧盟标准,省域尺度下的TN承载负荷均小于0.5,其中北京最高,耕地面积下的承载负荷是0.48,播种面积下的承载负荷0.39。畜禽粪便TN负荷主要来自生猪与肉鸡,差不多是畜禽TN负荷的一半,因此,畜禽粪便污染的防治主要是生猪与肉鸡,其中重点是生猪。由此可见,我国农田消纳畜禽粪便的潜力较大,通过畜禽粪便还田利用能够有效的解决粪便污染问题。     

Can Landform Stratification Improve Our Understanding of Crop Yield Variability?

Farmers account for yield and soil variability to optimize their production under mainly economic considerations using the technology of precision farming. Therefore, understanding of the spatial variation of crop yield and crop yield development within arable fields is important for spatially variable management. Our aim was to classify landform units based on a digital elevation model, and to identify their impact on biomass development. Yield components were measured by harvesting spring barley (Hordeum vulgare, L.) in 1999, and winter rye (Secale cereale, L.) in 2000 and 2001, respectively, at 192 sampling points in a field in Saxony, Germany. The field was stratified into four landform units, i.e., shoulder, backslope, footslope and level. At each landform unit, a characteristic yield development could be observed. Spring barley grain yields were highest at the level positions with 6.7 t ha⁻¹ and approximately 0.15 t ha⁻¹ below that at shoulder and footslope positions in 1999. In 2000, winter rye harvest exhibited a reduction at backslope positions of around 0.2 t ha⁻¹ as compared to the highest yield obtained again at level positions with 11.1 t ha⁻¹. The distribution of winter rye grain yield across the different landforms was completely different in 2001 from that observed in 2000. Winter rye showed the highest yields at shoulder positions with 11.1 t ha⁻¹, followed by the level position with 0.5 t ha⁻¹ less grain yield. Different developments throughout the years were assumed to be due to soil water and meteorological conditions, as well as management history. Generally, crop yield differences of up to 0.7 t ha⁻¹ were found between landform elements with appropriate consideration of the respective seasonal weather conditions. Landform analysis proved to be helpful in explaining variation in grain yield within the field between different years.     

基于ADAMS的随动复合平衡抽油机动力仿真

介绍了随动复合平衡抽油机的结构和基本参数,对曲柄净扭矩的计算公式进行了推导,说明了利用ADAMS进行抽油机动力仿真的基本步骤,给出了模型的建立和加载的方法,并对仿真结果进行了分析。分析结果表明,与异相型曲柄平衡抽油机相比,随动复合平衡抽油机的动力性能得以改善,具有较好的节能效果。     

有风险投资与无风险投资组合的研究

本研究通过引入单位风险的概念，并结合有效边界上的单位风险极小点，给出了各种情况下有风险投资和无风险投资的最优组合方案。     

Variation of pesticide concentration in sheep dips operated according to traditional and revised methods

OBJECTIVE: To quantify stripping in traditional dipping operations and to revise dipping methods, based on prediction of stripping so that a more stable concentration of pesticide in the dipwash is achieved. DESIGN AND METHODS: Plunge and shower dips were operated sequentially according to traditional and revised dipping instructions. Dips were operated by continuous and intermittent replenishment. Samples of mixed dipwash were collected periodically and assayed for pesticide (diazinon) concentration. RESULTS: Diagrammatic representations of pesticide concentration versus number of sheep dipped indicated traditional dipping leads to wide variations in the concentration of pesticide in dipwash during dipping. Intermittent replenishment led to a 'saw-tooth' pattern in the pesticide concentration. Traditional continuous replenishment (using the starting concentration of pesticide) indicated both the rate and extent of stripping was higher in shower dipping. If sufficient sheep were dipped, equilibrium was reached between the rate of pesticide replenishment and removal. An alternative method of dip operation by continuous replenishment, using a low starting concentration of pesticide and a replenishment concentration high enough to offset the pesticide loss through stripping resulted in a more stable concentration of pesticide in the dip. CONCLUSION: Revision of dipping instructions can lead to exposure of sheep to stable concentrations of stripping pesticide during dipping.     

组蛋白在基因调控中的作用

组蛋白曾一度只被看成是细胞核ＤＮＡ结构的组成成分，是转录的通用抑制分子。最近研究表明，这类蛋白质是基因调节过程中活跃的参与者，不仅抑制又能促进许多基因的活化。