常见水稻品种稻米品质的研究

对128个常见水稻品种的加工品质、商品品质、蒸煮品质的分析表明,品种的加工品质有明显差异,完整精米率的变异幅度最大;垩白面积与完整精米率呈极显著负相关;粒长、粒宽、长宽比与直链淀粉含量、糊化温度、胶稠度间无任何显著相关。由于粒宽与垩白面积呈极显著正相关,故在籼稻优质米育种中,宜选择细长粒形和透明度好的类型。籼稻的直链淀粉含量、糊化温度、胶稠度在品种间均有丰富的变异,性状间组合方式复杂。目前国内籼稻品种的直链淀粉含量偏高,是影响食味的主要因素。粳稻中蒸煮品质各性状变异幅度较小,性状间组合类型较简单。     

Whitened kernel surface: A fast and reliable method for assessing Fusarium severity on cereal grains by digital picture analysis

Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a cereal disease of major importance responsible for yield losses and mycotoxin contaminations in grains. Here, we introduce a new measurement approach to quantify FHB severity on grains based on the evaluation of the whitened kernel surface (WKS) using digital image analysis. The applicability of WKS was assessed on two bread wheat and one triticale grain sample sets (265 samples). Pearson correlation coefficients between Fusarium‐damaged kernels (FDK) and WKS range from r = 0.77 to r = 0.81 and from r = 0.61 to r = 0.86 for the correlation between deoxynivalenol (DON) content and WKS. This new scoring method facilitates fast and reliable assessment of the resistance to kernel infection and shows significant correlation with mycotoxin content. WKS can be automated and does not suffer from the “human factor” inherent to visual scorings. As a low‐cost and fast approach, this method appears particularly attractive for breeding and genetic analysis of FHB resistance where typically large numbers of experimental lines need to be evaluated, and for which WKS is suggested as an alternative to visual FDK scorings.     

Effect of soil pore size distribution on plant-available water and least limiting water range as soil physical quality indicators

Soil pore size distribution(SPSD) is one of the most important soil physical properties. This research investigated the relationships of location and shape parameters of the SPSD curves with plant-available water(PAW) and least limiting water range(LLWR) of the light-textured soils at the Torogh Agricultural Research Station in north-eastern Iran. Soil moisture release curve(SMRC), PAW and LLWR in matric heads of 100 and 330 h Pa for the field capacity and location and shape parameters of the SPSD curves of 30 soils with different texture and organic carbon contents were determined, and the variable relationships were statistically analyzed. The results showed that the median equivalent pore diameter(de), mean de, standard deviation(SD*), and skewness of the SPSD curves were significantly correlated with PAW(PAW330) and LLWR(LLWR330) measured in a matric head of 330 h Pa. Decrease in deand increase in the diversity of soil pore size(SD*) increased PAW330 and LLWR330. The SD* values of all the soil samples were lower than the optimal ranges suggested in literature. Neither PAW nor LLWR values were significantly different in the soils with the optimal modal deand those with non-optimal modal de. Optimal values of median and mean equivalent pore diameters and kurtosis of SPSD curves led to a significant improvement of PAW330 and LLWR330 as soil physical quality indicators. It was recommended to revise the optimal ranges for SD* and modal defor future studies.     

负水头条件下的土壤水分垂直一维入渗特性研究

通过室内模拟试验研究了3种土壤在不同负水头条件下的土壤水分垂直一维入渗特性,并基于Brooks-Corey模型,结合非饱和土壤水动力学方程,推导分析了负水头条件下土壤水分垂直一维入渗时累积入渗量、入渗率、湿润锋以及入渗时间之间的理论关系,并利用入渗试验资料检验了这些变量关系。同时,验证了Philip入渗公式在负水头条件下的适用性。研究结果表明:这些理论关系可以很好地描述负水头条件下的土壤水分垂直一维入渗特性。     

大田滴灌自清洗网式过滤器水头损失试验

自清洗网式过滤器是目前国内外大田滴灌应用最广泛过滤器之一,其水头损失是评价过滤器性能的关键参数。该文通过对自清洗网式过滤器清水和浑水水头损失的试验研究,重点分析了80和120目滤网对应的清水和浑水水头损失变化规律。在清水试验中,得出了2种滤网目数对应过滤流量与水头损失变化关系式;在浑水试验中,分别研究了流量一定(220m3/h)和含沙量一定(0.190g/L)条件下水头损失随过滤时间变化规律,重点研究了这2种条件下浑水水头损失的计算方法,并对2种情况下水头损失进行了计算,对各种组合条件下浑水水头损失计算公式进行了拟合,分别得到流量一定条件下10种不同含沙量和含沙量一定条件下5种不同流量的水头损失计算公式。结果表明:各公式拟合精度较高,决定系数均大于0.95,可以用于浑水水头损失计算,研究结果可为实际工程中自清洗网式过滤器水头损失的计算提供参考。     

碾后白米形变消除规律试验

为解决碾后白米抛光时碎米多的问题,该研究以碾后的白米为原料,研究温度、相对湿度以及含水率对白米形变消除时间的影响规律,采用二次旋转组合试验方法设计试验,比较了白米形变消除后抛光与碾后直接抛光的整精米率。用EXCEL软件和SAS软件处理数据,建立相关数学方程。结果表明：在试验参数范围内（温度5～45℃,含水率13%～17%,相对湿度25%～85%）,碾后白米的形变经过46～69?min可以消除;含水率、环境温度和相对湿度对形变消除时间影响显著;白米消除形变后抛光的整精米率明显高于直接抛光的整精米率。所建数学模型对碾后白米形变消除具有指导作用。     

10.2%福美双·戊唑醇悬浮种衣剂防治玉米丝黑穗病药效试验

在2007~2008年进行了10.2%福美双.戊唑醇悬浮种衣剂防治玉米丝黑穗病田间药效试验。结果表明:用该药剂1∶40~60拌种,平均防治效果达90.65%~96.2%,增产16.50%~18.10%,且不影响玉米出苗。     

花椰菜花球球径的发育遗传研究

利用包括基因与环境互作的加性-显性遗传模型对6个花椰菜品种(系)完全双列杂交实验的2年观察资料进行花球球径不同发育阶段的遗传分析。结果表明:年份间的环境差异对亲本和F1的球径表现影响较小,球径在整个发育期主要受加性效应控制,不存在基因型×环境互作效应,选用瑞雪70天、c-3、c-5为亲本配置组合,能够使其后代在10月中下旬前在平均球径的基础上增大球径;而福州80天和c-8这2个亲本的表现恰好相反。进一步对不同发育阶段的平均球径进行条件遗传分析发现,加性主效应和显性主效应在球径增大的大部分时期都有新的表达,且不易受到年份等外部条件的影响,但这些新表达的效应在10月12日之前和之后表现为相反的方向。成熟期球径给定不同发育时期性状的条件遗传分析表明,在各个时期均检测到显著的条件加性方差(10月24日除外)和条件显性方差,10月6日之前的净加性表达效应的作用占最终球径表现变异的88.8%。     

虾壳、虾头中甲壳素和壳聚糖的制备与应用

虾头、虾壳是虾加工工业中的下脚料,其含有丰富的蛋白质、甲壳素和壳聚糖、虾青素、不饱和脂肪酸以及必需氨基酸,开发前景广阔。其中,虾壳和虾头中甲壳素和壳聚糖的制备方法主要有酸碱法以及近几年新兴的微生物发酵法。甲壳素和壳聚糖具有优良的生物活性、安全性和降解性,在农业、医药、环境治理、食品等行业有着巨大的应用前景。     

桔红心大白菜抗根肿病不育系转育方法比较

以普通心抗根肿病甲型"两用系"和桔红心自交系LH为试材,通过杂交、回交和系内交等方法研究了桔红心与普通心的遗传关系、桔红心自交系抗性和育性的基因型。试验结果表明:桔红心对普通心表现为一对隐性基因控制的简单遗传,桔红心自交系的抗性和育性基因型分别为rr和msms;提出了桔红心大白菜抗根肿病雄性不育系的两种转育模式,其中系内交模式比回交模式提前一代得到新的不育系;在第二代筛选桔红心性状时,对子叶法、球心色法和花色法三种方法进行了比较,子叶法不但在幼苗期就可以筛选到桔红心性状,而且抗性调查和育性鉴定的群体最小,是三种方法中最理想的。