饲料用秸秆丝化多频快速压缩成型工艺参数优化

为了进一步探明丝化后干玉米秸秆压缩成型的最佳工艺参数,利用WDW-200微机控制电子式万能试验机,以秸秆含水率、最大压缩力(能够压缩成型的最小压缩力)、压缩次数和压缩速度为影响因子,对饲料用玉米秸秆丝化后压缩成型块的松弛比进行了二次回归旋转组合试验研究。建立并分析了4个影响因子对玉米秸秆丝化压缩成型松弛比的回归模型,并进行了验证试验。结果表明:丝化后玉米秸秆压缩成型最佳工艺条件为:含水率为7.8%~18.3%,能够成型的最小压缩力为6.22 MPa,压缩次数为2~6次,压缩速度为128~337 mm/min。在此工艺条件下,干玉米秸秆丝化压缩成型的松弛比在1.2和1.5之间,均能满足实际生产中较低能耗与生产质量的要求。该试验对压缩工艺的优化、压缩设备的研制和了解压缩成型后产品的特性具有参考意义。     

户用太阳能恒温沼气生产系统全年产气性能试验

为满足北方农户全年生活燃气需求和研究户用恒温沼气池的产气特性,研发了发酵容积为3 m3的地上式太阳能恒温沼气生产系统。从沼气池的产气稳定性,不同发酵温度、不同发酵原料下的产气性能,全年产气特性4个方面对该系统做了试验研究。在兰州地区气象条件下,厌氧发酵试验结果发现:该太阳能恒温产气系统可全年稳定连续运行,全年累计产气398.52 m3;当最低环境温度分别高于-19.9、0.7和6.9℃时,系统可以实现26、28和37℃恒温厌氧发酵;当猪粪与农户常见的玉米秸秆、蒿草、莲花菜叶按一定比例混合发酵后,可显著提高沼气中甲烷体积分数并延长或缩短发酵周期。     

Effect of rice variety on methane emission from an Indonesian paddy field

Variations in CH₄ emission from a Sumatra paddy field in which 8 popular modern varieties in Indonesia were grown were compared in the 1994/1995 rainy season. Total amounts of CH₄ emitted during the period of rice growth were in the ranges of 32.6-41.7 and 51.3–64.6 g CH₄ m^-2 for the plots amended with chemical fertilizer only and those amended with both rice straw and chemical fertilizer, respectively. The mean CH₄ emission rate was highest in the plot with the variety Bengawan solo and lowest in the plots with the varieties Atomita-4 and Way seputih among the plots which received chemical fertilizer, while highest in the plot with Way seputih and lowest in the plot with Bengawan solo among the plots amended with both rice straw and chemical fertilizer. The increase in the mean CH₄ emission rates by rice straw application was higher for the plots planted with Way seputih (1.98 times) and Atomita-4 (1.77 times) than for the plots with Bengawan solo (1.23 times) and IR-64 (1.35 times). The plots with Walanai and Cisanggarung recorded intermediate mean emission rates and the increase in CH₄ emission by rice straw application was also intermediate (1.57–1.64 times). It was noteworthy that Way seputih and Atomita-4 were derived from the variety Cisadane, Bengawan solo and IR-64 from the variety IR-54, and Walanai and Cisanggarung from the varieties IR-36 and Pelita 1-1, respectively.

The amounts of CH. emitted for 1 kg grain production ranged from 53 (Atomita-4) to 74 (Kapuas and Walanai) and from 89-93 (IR-64, Bengawan solo, and Atomita-4) to 121 (Kapuas) g CH₄ kg^-1 of grain for the plots amended with chemical fertilizer and those amended with rice straw and chemical fertilizer, respectively.     

Species composition of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in two mountain meadows with differing management types and levels of plant biodiversity

Species composition of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) was analysed in two differently managed mountain grasslands in Thuringia (Germany). Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi were studied in the roots of 18 dominant plant species from a total of 56 (32%). Additionally, spores of AMF were isolated from soil samples. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi species composition was analysed based on 96 sequences of the internal transcribed spacer of the nuclear ribosomal DNA, 72 originated from mycorrhizal roots, and 24 originated from AMF spores. Phylogenetic analyses revealed a total of 19 AMF species representing all genera of the Glomeromycota except Scutellospora and Pacispora. Despite a different farming intensity, resulting in remarkable differences concerning their plant species diversity (27 against 43 plant species), the diversity of AMF was found to be similar with 11 species on the intensively farmed meadow and ten species on the extensively farmed one. Nevertheless, species composition between both sites was clearly different. It thus seems likely that the AMF species composition, but not necessarily the species number, is related to above ground plant biodiversity in the system under study.     

稻草覆盖对坡地红壤培肥及作物增产的效果

研究了坡地红壤连续5年采用稻草覆盖措施对土壤肥力和作物产量的影响。结果表明,“稻草+化肥氮磷”(“Straw+NP”)处理的土壤有机碳和全氮、磷分别比不施肥(CK)的提高42.9%和17.4%、44.2%,有机碳和全氮的增幅约是纯化肥(NPK)处理的2倍。与CK和NPK处理的相比,“Straw+NP”处理能明显提高微生物生物量碳、氮、磷和溶解性有机碳、氮以及Olsen-P含量,差异达到显著(P<0.05)或极显著(P<0.01)水平。在等养分施用量的条件下,“Straw+NP”处理能显著提高油菜和甘薯的产量。因此,稻草易地覆盖是一种有效培肥坡地红壤和增加作物产量的途径。     

亚地块尺度秸秆信息丰度研究

不断拓展的秸秆资源应用途径丰富了亚地块尺度下秸秆信息丰度的研究,但界定和表达亚地块尺度下秸秆信息丰度尚缺乏科学规范。本文以机收小麦原茬地的秸秆信息丰度为研究对象,设计系列指标（立茬与碎秸的质量分布、碎秸堆叠层数、立茬侧影覆盖度）,分别探讨原位网格取样称草、平板匀铺图像处理、背景板图像处理、碎秸筛分、人工观察计数等手段与方法,进行原茬秸秆信息的指标化。将获取的多维秸秆信息进行归一化处理,并运用图像相似度分析法研究信息指标间的相关性。结果表明,本文提出的秸秆信息参数及测试方法增加了亚地块尺度下的秸秆信息丰度,秸秆信息图像间的相关分析也能反映出各指标间的内在联系。所得信息反映了收获机的留茬状态与碎草性能,碎秸质量集中分布在割幅中间区域。立茬质量分布受作物行间距影响,碎秸堆叠层数表达了机排草口的排草状况,立茬侧影覆盖度分布可反映收获机的留茬碾压破坏情况。秸秆信息指标间的相关分析表明,地表秸秆总质量与碎秸质量的相似度为0.89、与立茬质量相似度为0.43,碎秸质量与碎秸堆叠层数相似度为0.64,立茬质量与立茬侧影覆盖度相似度为0.48。本文界定的亚地块尺度下秸秆信息丰度及其参数化研究结果可为系统开展亚地块尺度下秸秆信息技术研发提供参考。     

一体化秸秆沼气发酵反应器设计

针对秸秆沼气发酵过程中存在的秸秆亲水性差、易结壳及进出料难等问题,设计了秸秆沼气发酵反应器。反应器采用两相分离发酵一体化结构,通过沼液循环回流,使秸秆始终处在高水分区域环境,营造良好的厌氧微生物的生存环境,同时在固液两相分离和沼液回流过程中使秸秆在反应器内形成上下流动的状态,从而达到自动搅拌和秸秆破壳功能。另外,在进料口处设置预处理罐,对进料口进行水封,并对物料进行预处理。该反应器结构简单、运行稳定、操作方便、节省动力,实现了预处理、自动破壳及两相一体化秸秆高效发酵沼气的功能,对促进秸秆综合利用、带动秸秆沼气工程的推广具有重要意义。     

秸秆覆盖对不同初始含水率土壤产沙过程的影响

秸秆覆盖是防治水土流失最有效的措施之一。该文通过模拟降雨（降雨强度为60 mm/h,降雨历时1 h）研究坡耕地在不同土壤初始含水率状态下秸秆覆盖变化对产沙过程的影响。试验地位于中国科学院红壤生态实验站,土壤类型为耕作铝质湿润淋溶土,试验小区为12 m×3 m,坡度为9%。处理分为5个水平的覆盖度（0、15%、30%、60%和90%）和2种土壤初始含水率（干态和湿态）。结果表明,在0、15%、30%、60%和90%覆盖度下,干态土壤平均产沙速率依次为24.5、15.8、10.4、11.2和1.0 g/(m2·h),同一覆盖度下产沙速率在模拟降雨时段内略微增大。湿态土壤条件下平均产沙速率依次为115.6、70.0、49.6、34.8和31.9 g/(m2·h),同一覆盖度下产沙速率在模拟降雨时段内下降明显。0、15%、30%、60%和90%覆盖度下平衡时产沙速率依次为52.5、30.5、22.8、19.8和15.4 g/(m2·h)。另外,5个水平的覆盖度中,30%的花生秸秆覆盖降低不同前期含水率下土壤产沙速率50%以上。因此,不同前期含水率情况下土壤产沙速率对秸秆覆盖度变化的响应非常明显,30%秸秆覆盖具有较为经济的水土保持效果。     

猪粪麦秆不同比例混合厌氧发酵特性试验

以猪粪、麦秆为原料,研究了35℃下二者按不同比例混合对厌氧消化产沼气的影响,分析了消化过程中日产气量、累积产气量、甲烷含量、原料去除率、pH值以及氨态氮质量浓度的变化。结果表明,猪粪与麦秆配比（干物质量比）1∶1时产气量最大,为383.0mL/g,是麦秆单独发酵产气量（231.8mL/g）的1.6倍;混合原料（猪粪和麦秆配比分别为1∶1、2∶1、3∶1）的VS去除率均在37%以上,比麦秆提高12.0%～26.9%;添加猪粪可提高发酵液中氨态氮含量,较麦秆提高35.6%～64.8%。因此,合理调控粪秆混合厌氧发酵的比例,能提高秸秆的产气率和利用率。     

菌种添加量对生物预处理小麦秸秆厌氧发酵的影响

对小麦秸秆进行了氨-生物联合预处理,在实验室自制的小型厌氧发酵装置上,对预处理后的小麦秸秆进行了厌氧发酵制取沼气试验,探讨了氨-生物联合预处理中,菌种的添加量对小麦秸秆厌氧发酵产沼气的影响.结果表明,在氨预处理尿素溶液质量浓度为35 g/L,生物预处理pH值为4,黄孢原毛平革菌和里氏木霉的添加比例为1∶1(数量级为109)的条件下,小麦秸秆厌氧发酵过程中沼气总产气量最大,为7 968 mL,较空白组提高了23.11％.发酵过程终了pH值、VFA和甲烷的变化均在正常的范围内,甲烷最高体积分数为51.33％,较空白组提高了6.01％,整个发酵过程历时23 d.