稻草还田免耕抛秧对水稻土剖面形态特征的影响

为探讨免耕抛秧栽培对土壤剖面形态特征的影响,分别对连续2年和7年结合稻草还田的常耕和免耕试验的土壤剖面进行了研究。结果表明,常耕对土壤剖面形态特征影响不明显。免耕改变了耕作层亚层的剖面形态特征,且表层土壤疏松和pH值变小;水稻根系向土壤表层集中和裂隙出现部位增高。普通免耕形成的耕作层构型是Aa1-Aa2-Aa3,疏松表层较薄、亚表层有变坚实的趋势。稻草还田免耕形成的耕作层构型是O-Aa1-Aa2-Aa3,鳝血斑的数量增加、土壤颜色加深、疏松和体积质量降低。以稻草还田免耕抛秧形成的土壤剖面协调土壤肥力效果最好。     

长期施肥和秸秆还田对红壤水稻土氮素分布和矿化特性的影响

为明确长期施肥和秸秆还田对稻田土壤生态系统氮素循环过程的影响,探索维持稻田土壤长期供氮潜力的途径,利用始于1990年的湖南红壤水稻土长期定位试验,研究了长期施肥和秸秆还田对水稻土剖面氮素迁移分布和C/N的影响,比较了不同温度下土壤氮素矿化曲线变化和不同施肥方式氮素矿化动态差异,分析了氮素累积矿化量与有效积温的关系。结果表明,长期施肥或秸秆可以促进红壤水稻土氮素的积累,其主要影响020cm土层,而化肥和秸秆配合施用作用更明显;长期施NPK化肥使土壤C/N降低,而秸秆还田使土壤C/N明显升高。在两种温度下的土壤矿质氮含量和累积矿化量曲线比较相似,10℃下土壤矿化速率达到稳定所需的时间要比30℃下长;30℃下不同施肥处理之间的矿化过程存在显著差异,而10℃下的差异较小,其在56d内矿化出来的矿质氮是10℃下的近两倍。化肥NP（仅施化肥NP）及NP+C（施化肥NP+秸秆还田）处理均有较高氮素矿化量,秸秆还田对土壤氮素矿化的促进作用比仅施化肥明显。在30℃下,土壤积累矿化量与有效积温的关系较好地符合有效积温方程式（EATM）（p0.01）。仅施化肥处理和对照方程中的K值相差不大,而秸秆还田与化肥配施处理方程的K值则有增大趋势,NPK+C（施化肥NPK+秸秆还田）处理的矿化潜力较大,且养分供应能力较强;秸秆配施化肥处理方程中n值的绝对值有减小趋势。随着培养时间延长,秸秆还田配施化肥处理土壤的累积矿化量保持在一个较稳定范围。     

秸秆还田对宁南旱作农田土壤水分及作物生产力的影响

在宁南旱区通过研究秸秆还田对土壤水分及作物生产力的影响,为该区土壤扩蓄增容及作物水分利用效率的提高提供理论依据。在3年秸秆还田定位试验中,设置了不同秸秆还田量处理（谷子秸秆按3000、6000、9000kg·hm-2粉碎还田;玉米秸秆按4500、9000、13500kg·hm-2粉碎还田,对照为秸秆不还田）,对不同处理条件下的土壤含水量、作物水分利用效率和作物产量等指标进行了分析。结果表明,随秸秆还田量由高到低,在试验第3年（2009年）玉米播种期0～200cm土层的土壤贮水量分别较CK提高8.8%、9.9%和6.8%;成熟期0～200cm土层的土壤贮水量分别较CK提高14.8%、13.9%和12.8%;产量分别较CK显著提高30.7%、29.2%和12.5%（P〈0.05）;作物水分利用效率分别较CK显著提高41.1%、35.9%和21.3%（P〈0.01）。在宁南半干旱区采用秸秆还田能较好地保蓄土壤水分,利于土壤水库的扩蓄增容,且对提高作物产量和作物水分利用效率有显著效果。     

麦秸还田对水稻产量及地表径流NPK流失的影响

在大田试验条件下,以水稻品种运2645为供试材料,设置常规处理（A）、麦秸还田（B）、麦秸还田减肥（C）、肥料运筹（D）和旋耕（E）5个处理组合,研究不同处理对水稻产量及农田地表径流NPK流失的影响。结果表明：（1）麦秸还田使水稻产量比常规处理增加3.0%左右;（2）试验年度稻季农田总地表径流水量为4.3×103m3·hm-2;（3）麦秸还田减肥和麦秸还田处理比其处理明显降低农田地表径流水体NPK流失量,不同处理地表径流总N流失量由低到高依次为麦秸还田减肥、麦秸还田、常规处理、肥料运筹和旋耕,不同处理地表径流总P和K的流失量由低到高依次为麦秸还田减肥、麦秸还田、肥料运筹、常规处理和旋耕;（4）麦秸还田能够降低稻田地表径流NPK的流失率,但麦秸还田减肥处理由于流失量减小幅度远低于肥料施用量的减小幅度,其NPK流失率均表现为最高;（5）麦秸还田使水稻产量略有增加,使稻田地表径流水体NPK流失量和流失率均明显降低。     

小麦秸秆的氨化厌氧发酵工艺及影响因素研究

为了提高小麦秸秆的产气效率,利用4.5%的尿素对其进行氨化预处理,并将预处理后的秸秆进行厌氧发酵,分别研究了氨化时间对预处理效果的影响及在不同温度和原料组分配比下的氨化厌氧发酵过程。结果表明：氨化预处理20d后的秸秆COD溶出量与未添加预处理剂相比增加了95.43%,VS增加9.07%,在第15d时已达20d溶出总量的94.61%,采用扫描电镜（SEM）及视频光学接触角扫描仪（GBX）观察发现,氨化15d已可有效破坏秸秆的纤维结构,增加表面亲水性能;在预处理后的发酵实验中,中温发酵（35℃）显现出明显的产气优势,经40d厌氧发酵TS产气率可达193.8mL.g-1;当发酵原料组分配比为秸秆：牛粪：污泥=1：0.5：0.5（干物质质量比）时,其厌氧发酵的累积产气量最大,达6505mL。     

秸秆发电和气化残余物作为肥料在水稻生产上的应用研究

秸秆发电和气化残余物(下称草木灰),其含有丰富的大量和中微量元素,如K、Ca、P、Mg、Si、Cu、Zn、B等,其中钾含量尤为丰富。而水稻是一种喜钾和硅的作物。将草木灰作为钾肥应用于水稻的生产上,一方面可节约生产成本,另一方面还可以改善大米的品质;但草木灰同时还含有重金属元素,过量的施入势必会带来土壤环境的恶化,本文通过分析土壤中和大米中重金属含量的变化,得出本试验中草木灰的施入不会引起环境的恶化;从生产成本和水稻产量与品质上综合考虑得出处理木灰1 50%替代化学钾肥和草木灰2 75%替代化学钾肥是最佳施肥处理。     

Behavior of phenolic substances in the decaying process of plants

The behavior of phenolic substances in the decaying process of rice straw, ladino clover, and fanen leaves of red oak under moist conditions, and also of rice straw under various conditions were compared in the laboratory. The amounts of phenolic substances, divided into either humic acid and fulvic acid fractions, or ether-extractable, butanol-extractable and organic solvent-unextractable fractions, and the amounts of individual phenolic acids were periodically determined during incubation for 150 days. The following results were obtained.

1) The amounts and behavior of phenolic substances in various fractions differed considerably among the plant materials. The total amount of phenolic substances was remarkably larger in red oak leaves than in the others during the whole period of incubation. The amounts of phenolics in the fulvic acid fraction changed to a larger extent than those in the humic acid fraction during the decaying process of plant materials. The changes in total amount of phenolics in decaying red oak leaves and ladino clover were mainly due to changes in the level of relatively hydrophilic phenolics in the fulvic acid fraction, but the changes in decaying rice straw were mainly due to changes in the level of relatively lipophilic phenolics.

2) Rice straw and ladino clover, especially the former, contained large amounts of p-coumaric and ferulic acids, but these decreased rapidly in the early stage of the decaying process. The amounts in red oak leaves were small, but did not decrease markedly during incubation.

3) The changes in amounts of phenolics in both humic acid and fulvic acid fractions in the decaying process of rice straw were largely influenced by temperature, moisture, and pH, but not to a large extent by C/N ratio and the presence of soil. At higher temperatures under moist conditions, phenolic substances disappeared rapidly. Also, acidification of the system inhibited the degradation process.     

Effect of rice variety on methane emission from an Indonesian paddy field

Variations in CH₄ emission from a Sumatra paddy field in which 8 popular modern varieties in Indonesia were grown were compared in the 1994/1995 rainy season. Total amounts of CH₄ emitted during the period of rice growth were in the ranges of 32.6-41.7 and 51.3–64.6 g CH₄ m^-2 for the plots amended with chemical fertilizer only and those amended with both rice straw and chemical fertilizer, respectively. The mean CH₄ emission rate was highest in the plot with the variety Bengawan solo and lowest in the plots with the varieties Atomita-4 and Way seputih among the plots which received chemical fertilizer, while highest in the plot with Way seputih and lowest in the plot with Bengawan solo among the plots amended with both rice straw and chemical fertilizer. The increase in the mean CH₄ emission rates by rice straw application was higher for the plots planted with Way seputih (1.98 times) and Atomita-4 (1.77 times) than for the plots with Bengawan solo (1.23 times) and IR-64 (1.35 times). The plots with Walanai and Cisanggarung recorded intermediate mean emission rates and the increase in CH₄ emission by rice straw application was also intermediate (1.57–1.64 times). It was noteworthy that Way seputih and Atomita-4 were derived from the variety Cisadane, Bengawan solo and IR-64 from the variety IR-54, and Walanai and Cisanggarung from the varieties IR-36 and Pelita 1-1, respectively.

The amounts of CH. emitted for 1 kg grain production ranged from 53 (Atomita-4) to 74 (Kapuas and Walanai) and from 89-93 (IR-64, Bengawan solo, and Atomita-4) to 121 (Kapuas) g CH₄ kg^-1 of grain for the plots amended with chemical fertilizer and those amended with rice straw and chemical fertilizer, respectively.     

土壤中可溶性有机氮含量及其影响因素研究

研究了农田和日光温室2个生态系统土壤中可溶性有机氮(SON)的含量及施肥和栽培模式对其含量的影响。结果表明,农田和日光温室土壤中SON的含量平均分别为39.19 mg kg-1和320.16 mg kg-1,分别占可溶性总氮(TSN)的80%和73%,说明SON是土壤氮素中不可忽视的氮素组分。不同栽培模式对土壤中SON的含量及其占TSN的比例的影响因生育时期的不同而异。覆草显著增加了小麦拔节期0~5 cm土层土壤中SON的含量,覆膜各土层SON含量均较常规模式有所提高;开花期覆草和覆膜模式土壤中TSN和SON含量较拔节期的显著下降。施用无机氮肥对土壤中SON的含量无显著影响。     

麦草与地膜覆盖对玉米田间生态环境及产量的影响

通过田间试验研究了麦草与地膜覆盖栽培措施对玉米田间生态环境及产量的影响。结果表明,麦草与地膜二元覆盖可降低作物冠层温度1～2℃,显著减少玉米田间土壤水分蒸发,对土壤具有一定的保温作用,并能明显提高玉米产量和水分利用效率。