内蒙古玉米机械粒收质量及其影响因素研究

2013～2017年在内蒙古开展9组机械粒收品种筛选与技术集成示范,共获得97个品种/组合139个品次样本数据。收获时采取机械粒收测产方式对其中6组试验进行产量和收获质量测试,结果表明,收获时子粒破碎率均值为9.89%,产量总损失率均值为5.77%,高于国标(GBT-21961—2008)规定≤5%的要求。子粒含水率均值为26.78%,含水率与破碎率、杂质率呈显著正相关。按子粒含水率和单产水平2个指标采用双向平均法作图进行品种分类,对97个供试品种/组合进行初步筛选,吉单66等15个品种表现出子粒含水率低、单产水平高的特点,适合机械粒收。     

大麦籽粒抗性淀粉含量快速测定方法研究

为探索快速高效测定大麦籽粒中抗性淀粉含量的方法,利用衰减全反射中红外（attenuated total reflection mid-infrared spectroscopy,ATR-MIR）和近红外（near-infrared spectroscopy,NIR）光谱技术,分别用3种不同方法进行预处理,建立大麦样品的抗性淀粉含量快速测定红外模型,通过不同预处理预测模型的校正和内部交叉验证结果的比较,依据决定系数（r）和均方根误差（RMSE）筛选出基于ATR-MIR和NIR光谱的最佳预测模型,再对最佳预测模型进行外部验证。结果表明,经基线位移校正+范围归一化（BOC+RN）预处理后的PLS模型为最佳ATR-MIR预测模型;经标准正态变换+Savitzky-Golay法一阶求导（SNV+1thD）的预处理模型为最佳NIR预测模型。用验证集材料对BOC+RN和SNV+1thD最佳预测模型的预测效果进行外部验证,光谱预测值与化学测定值之间没有显著差异,说明两种方法均可以用于大麦籽粒抗性淀粉含量测定;ATR-MIR光谱比NIR光谱具有更好的预测能力。     

早稻空秕率与抽穗开花期气象条件分析

为探讨早稻抽穗开花期气象因子对空秕率的影响,趋利避害,确保高产稳产,利用娄底农业气象观测站1981～2010年的早稻空秕率、发育期资料,以及娄底国家地面气象站的气象要素,分析早稻抽穗开花期光、温、水等气象条件与空壳率、秕粒率、空壳率＋秕粒率的相关性,选取相关性好的气象因子,阐述气象条件对空秕率的影响。结果表明：降水量、降水日数、日平均相对湿度、日最高气温是引起空秕率变化的主要气象因子。降水量、降水日数、日平均相对湿度与空秕率成正相关,日最高气温与空秕率成负相关。     

Convenient Estimation of Unfertilized Grains in Rice

Abstract

Failure of fertilization in rice is a critical yield-determining factor in plants subjected to temperature or water stress at the early-reproductive stage and in high-yield cultivars bearing heavy spikelets. Although it is important to identify quickly the unfertilized spikelets for research and selection of stress-resistant or high-ripening cultivars from bulksamples, the identification takes time because unfertilized spikelets are usually determined by visual and manual procedures. Our objective was to develop a convenient method to identify unfertilized spikelets in rice. Takanari spikelets at maturity grown in the paddy field were separated into floating and sinking spikelets by different specific gravity solutions of ethanol/water mixture. The unfertilized spikelets were identified by checking the grains inside the spikelets by light penetration and examining the spikelets manually. The percentage of floating spikelets decreased with the increase in ethanol concentration, and that of floating spikelets approximately coincided with the percentage of unfertilized spikelets when the specific gravity was below 0.90×10>³ kg m-³, corresponding to over 70% -ethanol. In a practical range of temperature the specific gravity scarcely changed. In an 80%-ethanol solution, the percentages of floating spikelets in Takanari grown under different nitrogen applications and in rice cultivars having different spikelet size approximately coincided with percentages of unfertilized spikelets, though the percentages of floating spikelets was 5 to 7% higher than the unfertilized spikelets. The use of 70%-ethanol solution increased the difference in some rice cultivars. We concluded that the gravitation method would be convenient for identification of unfertilized spikelets in bulk samples of rice.     

稻茬晚播小麦胚乳淀粉粒度分布的粒位差异

为研究稻茬晚播小麦胚乳淀粉粒分布的粒位差异,以小麦品种山农1391和藁城8901为材料,设适期播种和晚播2种播期处理,研究小麦强势、弱势籽粒胚乳淀粉粒粒度分布特征。结果表明,小麦强、弱势籽粒中均具有A、B型淀粉粒,但淀粉粒的分布因不同处理具有显著差异。不同小麦品种、播期和粒位下,淀粉粒的体积分布均呈双峰分布,峰值分别为4.878~6.453μm和21.7~23.82μm;淀粉粒数目分布呈单峰分布,峰值为0.520~0.571μm。藁城8901的B型淀粉粒的体积、数目、表面积占比均显著高于山农1391;山农1391的A型淀粉粒的体积、数目、表面积百分比显著高于藁城8901。晚播处理使小麦B型淀粉粒占比显著升高,A型淀粉粒占比显著降低;弱势粒中B型淀粉粒占比降低,A型淀粉粒占比显著上升。晚播处理对山农1391的影响大于藁城8901。     

中国主要稻米的粒型及其品质特性

利用近3年全国各地的籼、粳稻稻谷样品5331份(其中籼稻谷3810份,粳稻谷1521份)的米质数据,对我国目前稻米的粒型及其相关品质进行了研究。结果表明,目前生产上应用的籼稻品种的粒长主要有长粒和中粒两种,粒形则以中粒形为主,细粒形为辅;绝大多数粳稻品种的米粒属短、粗类型。籼稻的粒长、粒形均与其整精米率、垩白度、透明度、直链淀粉含量呈极显著负相关,而与胶稠度呈极显著正相关。粳稻的粒长、粒形与其主要品质指标的相关性相对较弱,且其性质也与籼稻的不尽相同。不同粒长组的平均整精米率也不同,其高低顺序是极短、短、中、长、极长,其中粳稻的极短粒与短粒两个类型间的整精米率无明显差别,但两者的整精米率与中粒的差异极显著;籼稻米各粒长组间整精米率的差异均达极显著水平。对各类稻米的品质进行评价的结果显示,粳稻米总体的品质优于籼稻米,有近半数粳稻品种的米质达到了优质米标准,而籼稻仅有1/4达到优质米标准;籼稻米中,极长粒形及长粒形品种中达优质米标准的比率高于中粒形及短粒形的品种。     

2016年我国审定的水稻品种及基本特性分析

分析了2016年我国水稻品种的审定情况及通过省级以上审定水稻品种的基本特性.结果表明,2016年我国通过省级以上审定的水稻品种共有492个次(有13个品种通过两个及以上省份审定),其中,籼型常规稻36个、籼型两系杂交稻137个、籼型三系杂交稻166个、粳型常规稻87个、粳型杂交稻25个(其中19个为籼粳杂交稻)、 不育系41个.区试平均产量籼型常规稻为501.36 kg/667 m2,比区试对照增产3.86%;籼型两系杂交稻为592.54 kg/667 m2,比区试对照增产5.46%;籼型三系杂交稻为552.96 kg/667 m2,比区试对照增产5.16%;粳型常规稻为624.94 kg/667 m2,比区试对照增产7.48%;粳型杂交稻为651.96 kg/667 m2,比区试对照增产8.91%.品种品质表现是粳稻好于籼稻,常规稻好于杂交稻,优质达标率粳稻为51.79%、籼稻为43.95%,常规稻为56.91%、杂交水稻为41.77%.并列举了一些对单个病害抗性表现较好的品种.     

福建省2004-2013年中、晚籼水稻品种的稻米品质分析与评价

选取2004--2013年通过福建省审定的134个中、晚籼杂交水稻品种为试材,分析福建省中、晚籼杂交稻品种的品质现状。结果表明,福建省近几年新育成并审定的中、晚籼杂交水稻品种中,中、晚熟审定品种数量相当,品质相近。在主要品质性状中,有近97％的品种整精米率指标能够达到部颁优质米标准,但垩白度高仍然是导致福建省稻米优质米率低的主要原因。     

Localization of alkylresorcinols in wheat,rye and barley kernels

Cereal alkylresorcinols (AR), a group of phenolic lipids mainly found in the outer parts of wheat and rye kernels, are currently being studied for the possibility to use them as biomarkers for the intake of whole grain wheat and rye foods. In this work, AR were localised in grains by using light microscopy and gas chromatographic analysis of hand-dissected botanical and pearling fractions. GC-analysis of hand-dissected fractions showed that more than 99% of the total AR content was located in an intermediate layer of the caryopsis, including the hyaline layer, testa and inner pericarp. Microscopic examination showed that the outer cuticle of testa/inner cuticle of pericarp was the exact location, and that no AR were found in the endosperm or in the germ, suggesting that AR could be used as a selective marker of testa.