两种生境下狗牙根叶表皮亚显微结构的比较

通过对生长在田园土和植被砼2种生境下的5个品种狗牙根及野生狗牙根叶表皮微形态进行扫描电镜观察,比较了在不同生境下狗牙根叶表皮上气孔形状、大小、密度和表皮毛、乳突等附属物。结果表明,供试的5个狗牙根品种及野生狗牙根对植被砼环境作出了积极的响应与适应,上下表皮乳突明显较田园土的增多,并且有些狗牙根品种叶表皮的气孔器周围乳突有规律的排列,使气孔器凹陷在其周边的细胞里面,使气体扩散阻力增大,有利于降低蒸腾,增加植物对水分的利用效率。与田园土上生长狗牙根相比,植被砼上狗牙根上、下表皮气孔密度显著增高的有喀什狗牙根、Sahara、Heaven、Hawk。就植被砼上不同狗牙根气孔特征来说,气孔密度较其他品种显著多的品种有喀什狗牙根、Sahara。在供试的5个狗牙根品种及野生狗牙根中,根据表皮毛及其他附属物的形态特征,气孔参数的特征等综合考虑,认为Sahara、Hawk、喀什狗牙根等对植被砼生境有很好的适应性。     

那拉提草原草地群落结构及种间关联性研究

针对新疆新源县那拉提山地高草草甸退化草地恢复与合理利用问题,选取生长季节围栏+打草草地和当地自由放牧草地为研究对象,采用Dahl多样性指数、Shannon-Weaver多样性指数、Sorensen相似性指数、Pielou均匀度指数,2×2列联表Fisher精确检验、Pearson相关系数和Spearman秩相关系数来进行草地群落及种间关联性的研究。结果表明:围栏+打草草地物种多样性和均匀度指数均小于自由放牧区;2样地内物种总体关联性均表现出显著正相关;Spearman秩相关分析结果较2×2列联表Fisher精确检验和Pearson相关系数结果更为精确,Spearman秩相关分析结果显示,围栏+打草草地内显著相关种占总种数的7.69%,自由放牧样地显著相关种占总种数的8.02%;生长季节的围栏+打草和自由放牧2种不同利用方式下,形成完全不相同的生境,导致共有种关联不显著。因此,对那拉提山地草甸退化草地必须进行适度放牧利用的同时增加人为防治毒害草措施。     

Egg storage and breeder age impact on egg quality and embryo development

Prolonged hatching egg storage (>7 days) influences internal egg quality and embryo survival during both storage and subsequent incubation. Moreover, effects of storage of hatching eggs interact with the breeder age. The aim of this review was to investigate how this interaction between storage duration and breeder age affects egg, embryo, hatchling and chicken characteristics. Prolonged storage resulted in a reduction in egg quality in both young and old breeders. This reduction was more pronounced in young flocks than in older flocks. For example, albumen pH increased more after 8 days of storage in younger flocks than in older flocks. Additionally, the embryonic morphological stage appears to increase as well with storage duration, but this increase is again more pronounced in younger flocks than in older flocks. Short storage (<7 days) seems to increase hatchability of eggs from young breeders, probably as a result of albumen liquefaction with consequently better oxygen availability for the embryo. However, long storage (>7 days) resulted in a decline in hatchability, which was stronger in older breeders than in younger breeders. Prolonged storage duration resulted in lower chicken quality in both young and old breeders, but interaction between storage duration and breeder age on multiple chicken quality parameters is not clear. Based on this review, it can be concluded that (a) Short storage can improve hatchability of eggs from young breeders, but not from older breeders. (b) Negative impact of long storage appears to be lower with young breeders than with old breeders. (c) Adapted storage conditions related to the age of breeders might be an option to reduce negative effects of prolonged storage on hatching egg quality and chicken quality.     

An insight into population structure and gene flow within pure‐bred cats

Investigation of genetic structure on the basis of pedigree information requires indicators adapted to the specific context of the populations studied. On the basis of pedigree‐based estimates of diversity, we analysed genetic diversity, mating practices and gene flow among eight cat populations raised in France, five of them being single breeds and three consisting of breed groups with varieties that may interbreed. When computed on the basis of coancestry rate, effective population sizes ranged from 127 to 1406, while the contribution of founders from other breeds ranged from 0.7 to 16.4%. In the five breeds, F_IS ranged between 0.96 and 1.83%, with this result being related to mating practices such as close inbreeding (on average 5% of individuals being inbred within two generations). Within the three groups of varieties studied, F_IT ranged from 1.59 to 3%, while values were estimated between 0.04 and 0.91%, which was linked to various amounts of gene exchanges between subpopulations at the parental level. The results indicate that cat breeds constitute populations submitted to low selection intensity, contrasting with relatively high individual inbreeding level caused by close inbreeding practices.     

不同利用年限缘毛雀麦生物量结构分析

试验对不同利用年限的缘毛雀麦草地(以无芒雀麦为对照)在三个不同的物候期进行了生物量结构变化分析.结果表明采种利用的缘毛雀麦草地在分蘖数、产草量和根茎生长等性状方面都强于无芒雀麦;随生长年限的延长,生物量有一定程度的下降,但其降低速度较无芒雀麦缓慢;该类草地具有很大的潜在利用价值,是一种长寿命的优良禾草草地.     

全天冷藏对家蚕雌蛾产卵及次代经济性状的影响

本试验以家蚕品种"湘·7、芙·9"为试验材料,通过对"湘·7"原种雌蛾冷藏后产卵成绩及其次代蚕的性状表现情况调查,结果表明,雌蛾在6℃温度条件下24h内冷藏完全可行,且对次代蚕的性状表现无明显的负面影响.     

胸腺素α_1对墟岗黄鸡免疫器官组织学结构的影响

本试验研究了不同剂量的胸腺素α1(Tα1)对墟岗黄母鸡免疫器官指数和组织学结构的影响。结果表明:0.015mg/kg体重剂量的Tα1可显著提高鸡免疫器官指数,可使胸腺皮质增宽,髓质胸腺小体数和胸腺细胞数增加;脾脏胸腺依赖区和法氏囊依赖区细胞增殖;高剂量Tα1则引起法氏囊髓质局部细胞变性和坏死。     

纤维素复合酶对羔羊消化道组织结构的影响

为了探明纤维素复合酶提高羔羊饲料消化率的消化道组织学基础,选择刚出生且体重相近的波尔山羊公羔30只(20日龄开始自由采食优质苜蓿干草, 80日龄断奶)分为对照组和试验组(添加0.2%酶制剂),分别在2、3和4月龄每组各选体重相近的3只羔羊屠宰.结果表明,瘤胃乳头长度、宽度和单位面积瘤胃乳头表面积随月龄增加而增加,而单位面积乳头数随着月龄的增加而减少(P ＜ 0.01).酶制剂提高3、4月龄羔羊瘤胃乳头长度(P ＜ 0.01)、宽度(P ＞ 0.05)和单位面积瘤胃乳头表面积(P ＜ 0.01),减少单位面积乳头数(P ＜ 0.01).显著提高3月龄十二指肠肠绒毛的长度(P ＜ 0.05).在3、4月龄,酶制剂有增加小肠隐窝深度和黏膜厚度的趋势,但未达到显著水平(P ＞ 0.05).     

祁连山中段退化高寒草地土壤细菌群落分布特征

为探究祁连山中段不同退化高寒草地土壤细菌群落分布特征,采用Illumina HiSeq PE250高通量测序平台对轻度、中度和重度退化草地土壤细菌群落变化特征进行研究,并对土壤细菌群落与土壤酶活性、土壤理化因子间关系进行分析。结果表明:随着退化程度加剧,植被盖度、高度、地上生物量和多样性指数均明显降低(P<0.05);土壤理化性质和酶活性变化各异且差异显著(P<0.05)。高通量测序共得到257971条有效序列,219017条优质序列和2004个OTUs。细菌群落丰富度指数依次为轻度>中度>重度,多样性指数为轻度>重度>中度,Beta多样性分析表明各样地间差异为轻度>重度>中度。其中,放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)和变形菌门(Proteobacteria)为3种退化草地土壤的优势菌门,在轻度、中度和重度退化草地土壤中分别占77.25%、84.27%和78.66%;乳球菌属为3种退化草地土壤的优势菌属,在轻度、中度和重度退化草地土壤中分别占14.29%、38.84%和7.39%。冗余分析表明:土壤酶活性和土壤理化性质均对细菌群落的组成具有影响,其中土壤pH是影响土壤细菌群落分布的主要驱动因子。祁连山中段不同退化高寒草地土壤细菌群落的变化主要受土壤理化性质和酶活性的影响。