Effect of prolonged general anesthesia with sevoflurane and laparoscopic surgery on gastric and small bowel propulsive motility and pH in dogs

ObjectiveTo determine if general anesthesia with sevoflurane and laparoscopic surgery changed gastric and small bowel propulsive motility or pH in dogs.Study designProspective, controlled trial.AnimalsTwelve, 19–24 months old, female, Treeing Walker Hound dogs, weighing 23–30 kg.MethodsDogs were anesthetized for a median of 8.5 hours during another study to determine the minimum alveolar concentration of sevoflurane using a visceral stimulus. Gastric and small bowel motility were determined using a sensor capsule that measures pressure, pH and temperature. Gastric transit time and motility index were calculated. For 8/12 dogs, gastric motility, pH and transit time were measured. In 4/12 dogs, small bowel motility and pH were measured.ResultsAnesthesia decreased gastric and small bowel motility but did not change luminal pH. Mean gastric contraction force decreased from median (range) 11 (8–20) to 3 (1–10) mmHg (p < 0.01) and gastric motility index decreased from 0.63 (0–1.58) to 0 (0–0.31; p = 0.01). Frequency of contractions did not change, 3.7 (1.6–4.4) versus 2.8 (0.1–5.1) contractions minute^?1 (p = 0.1). Gastric motility returned to normal 12–15 hours following anesthesia. Gastric emptying was prolonged from 12 (5.3–16) to 49 (9.75–56.25) hours (p < 0.01). Mean small bowel contraction force decreased from 34 (24–37) to 3 (0.9–17) mmHg (p < 0.02) and motility index decreased from 3.75 (1–4.56) to 0 (0–1.53; p = 0.02). Frequency of contractions did not change, 0.5 (0.3–1.4) versus 1.4 (0.3–4.6) contractions minute^?1 (p = 0.11). Small bowel motility returned within 2 hours after anesthesia. Laparoscopy did not result in changes to gastric or small bowel parameters beyond those produced by general anesthesia.Conclusions and clinical relevanceThe force of gastric and small bowel contractions decreased during sevoflurane anesthesia for laparoscopy. Although gastric motility returned to normal within 12–15 hours the impairment of gastric emptying lasted 30–40 hours, predisposing dogs to postoperative ileus.     

猪胃部动脉立体塑模的制作方法

选取健康成年猪的胃,通过对传统的血管铸型方法的研究和改造,研制出了灌注用插管,用腹主动脉和胃网膜左动脉两点式插管,双向整体灌注,静态密封式腐蚀和雕刻式冲洗等方法建立了猪胃部动脉立体塑模的制作方法,获得了完整的猪胃部动脉立体塑模标本.结果表明:采用该方法制作出的胃部动脉塑模标本结构完整,成功率高,能够清晰显示胃部动脉的立体结构,以及胃与相邻器官动脉血管的毗邻关系;可以为进一步研究胃部血管的立体结构提供方法.     

不同日粮对水牛复胃氮代谢的影响

选用２头装有长久性瘤胃瘘管和十二指肠瘘管的空怀水牛，比较研究舍饲稻草──混合精料（１期）与青刈草（２期）两种日粮条件下水牛复胃氮代谢的变化。结果表明：２期与１期比较，瘤胃液ｐＨ降低２．０２％（Ｐ＜０；０１），ＮＨ３－Ｎ提高２６６．９６％（Ｐ＜０．００１），微生物蛋白（ＭＣＰ）含量提高４８６．３６％（Ｐ＜０．００１）；昼夜十二指肠食糜ｐＨ增高２２．０６％（Ｐ＜０．００１），流量增加２３．３６％（Ｐ＞０．０５），总氮流量增高５２．０６％（Ｐ＜０．０５），非氨氮（ＮＡＮ）增加５３．３５％（Ｐ＜０．０１），ＭＣＰ氮增加１０１．８８％（Ｐ＜０．０１），饲料及内源性氮增加４４．２０％（Ｐ＜０．０５），ＮＨ３－Ｎ增加４７．６５％（Ｐ＞０．０５），尿素氮降低２３．３５％（Ｐ＞０．０５），昼夜食糜总氮流量与摄食总氮量之比下降１４．１３％（Ｐ＜０．００１），复胃有机物（ＯＭ）消化率提高２６．９０％（Ｐ＜０．０５），ＭＣＰ合成效率提高３４．８１％（Ｐ＞０．０５）。     

Nitrate and human health

Abstract. Nitrate is widely and mistakenly perceived to threaten human health by causing methaemoglobinaemia in infants and stomach cancer in adults, but it does cause environmental problems. Methaemoglobinaemia is a side-effect of gastroenteritis and is not caused by nitrate but by nitric oxide, which is produced in a defensive reaction stimulated by gastroenteritis. The latter may be caused by a bacterium or a virus. The association of methaemoglobinaemia with nitrate may have arisen because early cases of the condition were often associated with wells polluted with bacteria, and the same pollution increased the nitrate concentration. Four epidemiological studies sought a link between stomach cancer and nitrate but did not find one. The incidence of this cancer has also declined during the last 30 years, while nitrate concentrations in water have increased. Nitrate preserves, rather than threatens, health. It is reduced by microbes on the tongue to nitrite, which generates nitric oxide when acidified in an antibacterial defence mechanism vital to our well-being. This mechanism acts with great effectiveness in the stomach against Salmonella , Escherichia coli and other organisms that cause gastroenteritis. It also acts in our mouths against dental caries and even on our skin against fungal pathogens such as Tinea pedis (athlete's foot). This mechanism is the basis of the centuries-old practice of adding nitrate or nitrite to stored meat to protect against botulism, caused by the most lethal toxin known to mankind.     

开食料中性洗涤纤维水平对羔羊消化道组织形态和消化酶活性的影响

本试验旨在研究开食料中性洗涤纤维(NDF)水平对羔羊消化道组织形态和消化酶活性的影响。选择健康的初生湖羊公羔[(初生重(3.01±0.12)kg]18只,随机分为3组,每组6只羊。对照组随母羊哺乳,试验组随母羊哺乳同时于7日龄开始补饲NDF水平分别为15.13%(高NDF水平组)和10.00%(低NDF水平组)的开食料。35日龄时屠宰。结果表明:1)高NDF水平组的瘤胃乳头长度、肌层厚度,网胃乳头长度、乳头宽度、肌层厚度,瓣胃瓣叶宽度、肌层厚度以及皱胃肌层厚度均极显著高于对照组(P<0.01),瓣胃瓣叶长度、皱胃黏膜层厚度均显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。高NDF水平组的瘤胃乳头长度、网胃肌层厚度均极显著高于低NDF水平组(P<0.01),瓣胃瓣叶宽度、肌层厚度以及皱胃黏膜层厚度均显著高于低NDF水平组(P<0.05)。2)高、低NDF水平组的十二指肠隐窝深度极显著低于对照组(P<0.01),高、低NDF水平组的十二指肠肌层厚度极显著高于对照组(P<0.01)。高NDF水平组的空肠绒毛长度极显著高于对照组和低NDF水平组(P<0.01),高、低NDF水平组的空肠隐窝深极显著低于对照组(P<0.01),高NDF水平组的空肠肌层厚度显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。高、低NDF水平组的回肠绒毛长度极显著高于对照组(P<0.01),高、低NDF水平组的回肠肌层厚度极显著高于对照组(P<0.01)。3)对照组的瘤胃蛋白酶活性极显著高于高、低NDF水平组(P<0.01),高NDF水平组极显著高于低NDF水平组(P<0.01);低NDF水平组的瘤胃α-淀粉酶活性显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。低NDF水平组的空肠α-淀粉酶活性显著高于对照组和高NDF水平组(P<0.05),低NDF水平组的十二指肠、空肠和回肠胰蛋白酶活性显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。由此可见,15.13%NDF水平的开食料有利于断奶前羔羊消化道的发育。     

Prenatal histomorphological development of the reticulum in fallow deer (Dama dama)

The histomorphological changes occurring in the Dama dama reticulum during prenatal development have been investigated. Twenty‐five Dama dama embryos were used, from the first stages of prenatal life until birth. Differentiation of the reticulum was observed at 23% gestation. By 25% gestation the reticular wall comprised three layers: an internal epithelial layer, a middle layer of pluripotential blastemic tissue and an external layer or serosa. Primary reticular crests were visible at 38% gestation. Secondary reticular crests were observed at 61% gestation. Neuroendocrine cells were detected by synaptophysin (SYP) at 35% gestation, in the lamina propria‐submucosa, tunica muscularis, and serosa. Epithelial Cytokeratin‐18 (CK‐18) cells were observed at 35% gestation extended throughout the epithelial layers. The glial cells (vimentin –VIM‐ and glial fibrillary acidic protein‐GFAP‐markers) were discerned at 25% and 43% gestation, respectively, in myenteric and submucosal plexuses, lamina propria, muscularis mucosae, tunica muscularis, and perivascular connective tissue. The neuropeptide Y (NPY) and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) markers were immunodetected at 75% and 80 gestation, respectively, in the lamina propria‐submucosa, muscularis mucosae, tunica muscularis, serosa, and myenteric plexuses. The prenatal development of the fallow deer reticular mucosa evidenced a considerable precocity similar to that previously reported in goat and red deer.     

福寿螺和田螺的纤维素酶反应体系对不同pH和温度的响应

【目的】探讨福寿螺Pomacea canaliculata Lamarck和本地中国圆田螺Cipangopaludina chinensis Gray纤维素酶活性反应体系对不同pH和温度响应的差异.【方法】采用酶学分析法（羧甲基纤维素法）测定不同反应温度和pH对福寿螺和田螺肝脏与胃纤维素酶活性的影响.【结果和结论】福寿螺肝脏和胃纤维素酶的活性在不同pH和温度条件下均显著高于田螺,其中,不同pH(3.6～7.2)条件下福寿螺肝脏和胃纤维素酶活性分别是田螺的1.51～3.14和1.30～1.90倍;不同温度(30～60 ℃)条件下福寿螺肝脏和胃纤维素酶活性分别是田螺的1.16～1.56和1.32～1.77倍.在pH3.6～7.2、温度30～ 60 ℃的范围内,福寿螺和田螺肝脏、胃纤维素酶活性都呈先上升后降低的变化趋势,不同温度条件下福寿螺纤维素酶活性的变化幅度大于田螺,但2种螺纤维素酶活性随pH的变化差异不显著.福寿螺肝脏和胃纤维素酶适宜的pH范围分别为5.4～6.6和4.8～ 6.6,适宜的温度范围均为40～55 ℃;田螺肝脏和胃纤维素酶适宜的pH范围分别为5.4～6.0和4.8～6.6,适宜的温度范围均为40～50 ℃.福寿螺对外界环境的适应性更强.     

Effects of substance P and distribution of substance P-like immunoreactivity in nerves supplying the stomach of the cod,Gadus morhua

The innervation of the cod stomach by neurons showing substance P-like immunoreactivity (SPLI), and the effect and mechanism of action of substance P (SP) on the vascularly perfused cod stomach and on isolated muscle strip preparations from the pyloric sphincter have been investigated. Infusion of SP produced a contraction of the stomach wall, which could not be blocked by tetrodotoxin, atropine or methysergide, indicating a direct effect on the stomach smooth muscle. Similarly, the contraction produced by SP on preparations from the pyloric sphincter was unaffected by tetrodotoxin. Nerves showing SPLI were frequent in the myenteric plexus of the whole stomach, and in the submucosa and mucosa of the pyloric part of the stomach. SPLI was also observed in fibres in the intestinal branch of the vagus and occasionally in the splanchnic nerves. Ligation of the nerves showed an accumulation of SPLI above as well as below the ligature, being more prominent proximal to the ligature in the vagus and distal to the ligature in the splanchnic nerve. In the vagus nerve, descending and ascending SPLI-fibres were seen surrounding non-reactive cell bodies. No reduction in intensity of the immunoreaction of the neurons in the stomach wall was observed after ligation or sectioning of the vagosympathetic trunk or the splanchnic nerves, nor were SP-levels measured by radioimmunoassay reduced. After denervation of vagal branches close to the stomach wall an insignificant decrease of immunoreactivity was observed in the myenteric plexus. Capsaicin treatment had no conclusive effect on the distribution of SPLI. It is concluded that the innervation showing SPLI may be of intrinsic as well as extrinsic origin, with pathways in both vagal and splanchnic branches. Only a direct effect of SP on the smooth muscle could be demonstrated.     

Evaluation of gastric pressures as an indirect method for measurement of intraabdominal pressures in the horse

Objective – To develop an indirect method for measurement of intraabdominal pressures in the standing horse using measurement of gastric pressures as a less invasive technique, and to compare this method with direct intraabdominal pressures obtained from the peritoneal cavity. Design – Prospective, experimental study. Setting – University‐based equine research facility. Animals – Ten healthy adult horses, 7 geldings and 3 mares. Interventions – Gastric pressures were measured using a nasogastric tube with a U‐tube manometry technique, while intraperitoneal pressures were measured with a peritoneal cannula. Measurements of intraabdominal pressure were obtained by both methods, simultaneously, and were evaluated using 5 increasing volumes of fluid infused into the stomach (0, 400, 1,000, 2,000, and 3,000 mL). Bias and agreement between the 2 methods were determined using Bland‐Altman analysis and Lin's concordance correlation coefficients. Measurements and Main Results – Mean gastric pressure was 14.44±4.69 cm H₂O and ranged from 0 to 25.8 cm H₂O. Intraperitoneal pressure measurements were generally subatmospheric, and ranged from ?6.6 to 3.1 cm H₂O (mean±SD, ?1.59±2.09 cm H₂O). Measurements of intraperitoneal pressures were repeatable; however, intra‐ and interindividual variance was significantly larger for measurements of gastric pressures. The mean and relative bias for comparison between the 2 techniques was 15.9±5.3 cm H₂O and 244.3±199.2%, respectively. The Lin's concordance correlation coefficient between gastric and intraperitoneal pressures was ?0.003 but this was not statistically significant (P=0.75). Conclusions – There was no statistical concordance between measurements of intraabdominal pressure using gastric and intraperitoneal pressure measurement, indicating that gastric pressures cannot be substituted for intraperitoneal pressure measurement. Direct measurement of intraperitoneal pressures may be a more consistent method for comparison of intraabdominal pressures between horses, due to less variability within and between individuals.