苯甲醛苯甲酰腙的合成及生物活性研究

以苯甲醛、苯甲酸甲酯、水合肼为原料,合成了苯甲醛苯甲酰腙。经元素分析、红外光谱对目标化合物进行了结构表征,并研究了苯甲醛苯甲酰腙对蓼蓝齿胫叶甲的生物活性。结果表明,苯甲醛苯甲酰腙对蓼蓝齿胫叶甲幼虫具有较强的触杀活性和胃毒活性,而拒食作用较弱。     

IMPROVING CONSPICUITY OF THE CANINE GASTROINTESTINAL WALL USING DUAL PHASE CONTRAST‐ENHANCED COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY: A RETROSPECTIVE CROSS‐SECTIONAL STUDY

Gastrointestinal (GI) disease is a common clinical complaint in small animal patients; computed tomography (CT) examinations enable a global overview of the GI tract and associated structures. Previously, the GI wall has been reportedly identified from serosa to mucosa in 77% of standard postcontrast CT studies and wall layers seen in ultrasound have not been distinguished. Inconsistent strong contrast enhancement of the inner layer of the GI mucosal surface was noted on dual phase CT studies acquired in our institution, which increased the visibility of the GI tract and disease processes. The aim of this retrospective, observational, cross‐sectional study was to determine the optimal portal vein attenuation for maximizing GI wall conspicuity using dual phase contrast‐enhanced CT. Patients with abdominal CT for a non‐GI related disease were included. In a pilot study, 175 GI segments from 35 CT studies were graded for presence of mucosal surface enhancement (MSE). The strongest mucosal surface enhancement grade correlated with portal vein attenuation of 43–150 HU; this value was used as inclusion criterion in the main study. A total of 441 GI segments were evaluated in 42 CT studies postcontrast for GI wall conspicuity. The GI wall was conspicuous in 56.7% precontrast, 84.5% at 30s, and 77.3% late postcontrast; 4.7% of segments were removed due to motion blur. At 30 s distinct mucosal surface enhancement was seen in the small intestine and gastric mucosal surface enhancement was poor. Findings supported the use of dual phase contrast‐enhanced CT for improving conspicuity of the GI wall.     

Effects of two commercial diets and technical feed treatment on stomach lesions and immune system of fattening pigs

The impact of technical feed treatment and diet on stomach lesions and traits of the local and systemic immune system were investigated in fattening pigs. Feeding groups differed in technical feed treatment (standard ground meal vs. finely ground and pelleted feed) and diet (soya bean meal vs. rapeseed meal/DDGS/soya beans). Pigs were fattened approximately 10 weeks by ad libitum feeding and slaughtered subsequently. Gastric alterations were assessed by a macroscopic scoring system [macroscopic stomach score (MSC) 0 =  normal to 4 =  severe lesions]. For immunological investigations, lymphocytes from blood and jejunal tissues were isolated. T‐cell phenotyping was carried out by staining intestinal lymphocytes with monoclonal antibodies for CD4 and CD8 and flow cytometric measurements. MSC was higher in animals fed finely ground and pelleted feed compared with their counterparts. Significant interactions between diet and feed treatment considering the MSC were observed (p = 0.027). There was no effect of diet or technical feed treatment on T cells of blood, Lymphonodi gastrici or lamina propria (LP) and intraepithelial cells. However, technical feed treatment significantly affected subsets of CD4⁺, CD8⁺, CD8^low, CD4/CD8 double‐positive T cells, the mean fluorescence intensity of CD4⁺ T cells and the ratio of CD8^low/CD8^high T cells in Peyer's patches (PP). All named parameters were reduced in PP of animals fed finely ground and pelleted feed compared with animals fed standard ground meal. Furthermore, significant differences between T cells of lymph nodes and LP were observed between animals with middle MSC (MSC = 1–2.5) and animals with high MSC (MSC = 3–4). Significant alterations in T cells of PP were observed between animals of low (MSC = 0–0.5) and high MSC. The observed effects provide the evidence that the impact of technical feed treatment is not limited on the stomach lesions. Possible stimuli and consequences of the immune system should be studied in more detail.     

X线平片检查对犬胃内不同性质异物诊断价值的研究

犬胃内异物是犬常见病、多发病,对其准确的诊断是兽医临床实施有效治疗的主要环节.文章利用X线机对犬胃内9种异物病例进行X线平片的拍摄观察,并对犬胃内大小、形状、密度不同的异物(如棉花团、木块、实心塑料球、骨头块、金属管等)的诊断效果进行了归类、比较和分析.结果显示,X线平片检查能够清晰、直观地显示胃内高密度异物,并且能够对其准确地定位;但对于胃内低密度异物的显像效果不明显,甚至观察不到胃内异物的存在;胃内中等密度的异物虽然能够通过X线显示,但其轮廓不十分清晰.     

犬胃扩张-肠扭转的风险因子和预防

胃扩张-肠扭转(Gastric Dilatation-Volvulus--GDV)又称为"臌"、"胃扭转"。GDV是一个极其严重,并应视为严重威胁犬生命的紧急事件,是仅次于癌症导致犬死亡的第二大杀手。24%的犬臌是由胃膨胀引起的。但是大多数的情况(75%)是由于胃扭转,弯曲和切断胃内容物的流入和流出。由于胃部膨胀,可旋转90°至360°,固定附着在食道和十二指肠之间缠绕。膨胀的胃妨碍腹部静脉、减少血液返回到心脏,丧失血液供应,导致低血压、胃缺血、休克、脏器损害,要在育种,饲养和管理上加强监管,有效的降低形成和促发GDV风险因子的条件,加强对GDV风险因子的预警和识别,以及发生后的及时发现和立即处理治疗。     

复方健胃散对广西本地黄牛瘤胃生理指标的影响

为了探讨复方健胃散对广西本地黄牛瘤胃生理指标的影响,实验采取前后自身对照的方法,第一阶段为对照期,第二阶段饲喂健胃散。与第一阶段相比,瘤胃液中瘤胃纤毛虫活性与微生物活性在第二阶段显著增强;挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)含量在第一阶段中为51.5±2.17a,在第二阶段提高到63.9±4.19b,差异极显著(P<0.01);原虫蛋白含量在第一阶段中为0.177±0.0051c,在第二阶段提高到0.228±0.0133d,差异极显著(P<0.01);细菌蛋白含量在第一阶段中为0.175±0.0071e,在第二阶段提高到0.228±0.0119f,差异极显著(P<0.01);pH在整个过程中没有显著变化。而反刍动物瘤胃内VFA是一项很重要的发酵生理指标。VFA来源于微生物对饲料中营养物质的消化分解,生长与繁殖,也给动物提供能量。     

14种中药植物杀虫活性的初步研究

采用环流热提的方法获得了丁香、美洲商陆、姜黄、马钱子、土槿皮、紫荆皮、地肤子、蓖麻、巴豆、白芷、乌头、甘松、狼毒、纂芦等14种中药植物的乙醇、乙醚提取物。在实验室条件下测定了这些植物的提取物对粘虫的触杀和胃毒活性，以及乙醇提取物对嗜卷书虱成虫的熏蒸活性。结果表明。巴豆、乌头、姜黄、紫荆皮、土槿皮的杀虫活性比较明显，以稀释10倍的提取物处理后的玉米叶片饲喂粘虫，48h后，乙醇提取物的校正死亡率分别是43．3％，46．7％，22．2％，25．8％，22．6％，乙醚提取物分剐是65．0％，55．0％，60．0％，30．0％，60．0％；提取物用丙酮稀释20倍后，每头3龄粘虫点滴1μl。48h后乙醇提取物的校正死亡率分别是72．5％，25．0％，10．0％，37．5％，32．5％，乙醚提取物分别是60．0％，40．0％，35．0％，7．5％，27．5％；其中紫荆皮和土槿皮均表现出一定麻痹作用；以2mg／L紫槿皮、姜黄、丁香和商陆的乙醇提取物对嗜卷书虱进行熏蒸处理，24h后的校正死亡率为100％，95％，100％和80％，而其余的10种中药植物基本没有熏蒸活性。     

Selected pathological, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural changes associated with an infection by Diphyllobothrium dendriticum (Nitzsch, 1824) (Cestoda) plerocercoids in Coregonus lavaretus (L.) (Coregonidae)

The pathological changes induced by an infection of Diphyllobothrium dendriticum (Nitzsch, 1824) plerocercoids in powan, Coregonus lavaretus (L.), from Loch Lomond, Scotland, were assessed using immunohistochemical and ultrastructural techniques. In a sample of 26 powan, the occurrence of encysted plerocercoids of D. dendriticum on the outer surface of the stomach was 38.5% (n = 10) with the number of cysts ranging from 4 to 15 and measuring 4.2 +/- 1.0 mm x 3.4 +/- 0.9 mm (mean +/- SD). Histological examination of intestinal samples also revealed plerocercoids (2-21) encapsulated within a proliferation of mesenteric fibrous tissues of the gastric wall and, occasionally, by the gut lamina propria-submucosa and lamina muscularis. In section, cysts were tri-layered and were formed from a series of concentric whorls of fibroblast and collagen fibre-based connective elements. The extent of necrosis within each muscle layer and the serosa of the stomach differed, notably within the latter that was marked by a chronic inflammatory reaction and fibrosis. Within the cyst and around it, a large number of degranulating mast cell/eosinophilic granule cells were seen, in addition to melano-macrophage centres. Immunohistochemical staining of sections of infected stomach revealed a high density of elements, in close proximity to plerocercoids, staining positive for serotonin, bombesin, substance P and galanin. Uninfected material did not present the same levels of activity. Sections through both infected and uninfected tissue were also tested for elements containing vasoactive intestinal peptide, met-enkephalin, calcitonin gene-related peptide, neuropeptide Y and nitric oxide synthase, but these were absent.     

应用PCR-DGGE技术比较绵羊瘤胃、网胃、瓣胃和皱胃菌群的多样性

本研究采用聚合酶链式反应-变性梯度凝胶电泳(PCR-DGGE)技术结合DGGE图谱条带的克隆和测序比较了绵羊瘤胃、网胃、瓣胃和皱胃菌群的多样性,同时对菌群进行了聚类分析和主成分分析。结果表明:绵羊瘤胃、网胃、瓣胃和皱胃内容物DGGE图谱的平均条带数分别为18、13、16和15条;瘤胃和瓣胃内菌群的多样性指数、均匀度和丰富度均较高,分别为2.83、0.79、17.00和2.82、0.79、16.80,而网胃和皱胃内容物较低,分别为2.52、0.70、12.60和2.73、0.76、15.40;聚类分析结果显示不同胃的内容物菌群具有一定差异,但不同动物个体相同胃的内容物相似性系数均高于0.63;PCR-DGGE图谱中测序的条带大多数归为拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)和厚壁菌门(Firmicutes),优势菌群为厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)细菌、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)细菌、未培养瘤胃细菌(uncultured rumen bacterium)、未培养细菌(uncultured bacterium)和韦荣球菌科(Veillonellaceae)细菌,特异性细菌为不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter sp.)细菌和瘤胃球菌属(Ruminococcaceae)细菌。结果提示,绵羊4个胃中均含有种类丰富和数量巨大的细菌,且随着消化道部位由前往后的顺序,菌群的多样性呈现先高后降低再升高的趋势。     

Generalist feeding strategies in Arctic freshwater fish: A mechanism for dealing with extreme environments

Generalist feeding strategies are favoured in stressful or variable environments where flexibility in ecological traits is beneficial. Species that feed across multiple habitat types and trophic levels may impart stability on food webs through the use of readily available, alternative energy pools. In lakes, generalist fish species may take advantage of spatially and temporally variable prey by consuming both benthic and pelagic prey to meet their energy demands. Using stomach content and stable isotope analyses, we examined the feeding habits of fish species in Alaska's Arctic Coastal Plain (ACP) lakes to determine the prevalence of generalist feeding strategies as a mechanism for persistence in extreme environments (e.g. low productivity, extreme cold and short growing season). Generalist and flexible feeding strategies were evident in five common fish species. Fish fed on benthic and pelagic (or nektonic) prey and across trophic levels. Three species were clearly omnivorous, feeding on fish and their shared invertebrate prey. Dietary differences based on stomach content analysis often exceeded 70%, and overlap in dietary niches based on shared isotopic space varied from zero to 40%. Metrics of community‐wide trophic structure varied with the number and identity of species involved and on the dietary overlap and niche size of individual fishes. Accumulation of energy from shared carbon sources by Arctic fishes creates redundancy in food webs, increasing likely resistance to perturbations or stochastic events. Therefore, the generalist and omnivorous feeding strategies employed by ACP fish may maintain energy flow and food web stability in extreme environments.